2018年12月31日 星期一

胡適日記本 1948年元旦及1月2日





沒有自動替代文字。

2018年12月26日 星期三

蘇聯檔案解秘:史達林一手催生新中國,毛澤東沒膽走自己的路....



BBC的Travel Show 造訪 史達林故鄉博物館,內有中文聯:萬壽無疆。當然,他的評價兩極,然而還可帶來觀光客的收入......The Joseph Stalin Museum is a museum in Gori

西安事變 傅斯年情勢分析...... China in Stalin's grand strateg...

蘇聯檔案解秘:史達林一手催生新中國,毛澤東沒膽走自己的路....
楊芬瑩 2015年09月09日 19:00

專訪《毛澤東真實故事》作者潘佐夫。(余志偉攝)
專訪《毛澤東真實故事》作者潘佐夫。(余志偉攝)

史達林生前,毛澤東對他畢恭畢敬,檔案文件顯示,1949年12月停留莫斯科期間,毛澤東受邀參加史達林慶生宴,他緊張到出發前必須服下鎮靜劑…..。有回在史達林住處兩人談話後,毛澤東難過得必須躺下,史達林還拿枕頭給他休息。
亞歷山大.潘佐夫
俄羅斯歷史學家亞歷山大‧潘佐夫(Alexander V. Pantsov)2007年於莫斯科出版的《毛澤東:真實的故事》,內容大部分根據蘇聯解體後釋出的極機密檔案,2012年英文版問世後,在西方世界引發很大迴響,中文版5月在台發行。他近期受訪談起密檔記錄的這位一代梟雄,與一般認知大不相同。
《毛澤東:真實的故事》俄文原著2007年出版
《毛澤東:真實的故事》俄文原著2007年出版

《風傳媒》整理系列專文如下:

  1. 蘇聯檔案解秘:史達林一手催生新中國,毛澤東沒膽走自己的路....
  2. 終結資本主義餘毒,同志仍需努力…..毛澤東的文革烏托邦
  3. 習近平不像習仲勛的兒子,倒像毛澤東的孫子?潘佐夫:看中共領導人的變與不變
  4. 蔣介石、毛澤東誰能帶給中國人幸福?俄歷史學者:蔣推民主、毛始終堅持獨裁
  5. 拒絕刪改內容,潘佐夫《毛傳》簡體中文版無緣問世
中國共產黨從一個棄械不足、沒錢沒勢的鬆散組織,能夠崛起、壯大,最終打敗國民黨建立新中國,絕對得歸功於蘇聯共產黨與其獨裁者史達林的大力扶植;莫斯科的指揮、影響,延伸到建國後近20年時間,蘇聯自1917年蒐集的國際共產主義運動檔案,因此別具參考價值,且內容很多牴觸中共宣傳,史達林、毛澤東的關係便是一例。

沒有蘇共、沒有新中國

一般看法認為,中國共產黨能夠拿下江山,主要是草根百姓挺身對抗階級壓迫,爭取自由、平等等人權,而毛澤東一執政,就積極走自己的路,脫離蘇聯控制,建設中國特色的社會主義,因此,儘管他私生活糜爛、濫殺無辜,毛澤東仍然是讓中國脫離半殖民地恥辱的國家英雄。
蘇聯密檔記載的,卻是很不一樣的歷史:毛澤東得天下,有賴莫斯科出錢、出力、提供武器,國共戰爭就是蘇聯赤化全世界的革命行動延伸。

蔣介石說得才對

蘇聯密檔記載的,卻是很不一樣的歷史:毛澤東得天下,有賴莫斯科出錢、出力、提供武器,國共戰爭就是蘇聯赤化全世界的革命行動延伸。
正如蔣介石1923年公開反共的理由,當時蔣主張,布爾什維克(蘇聯共產黨前身)品牌的國際主義和世界革命,只是換湯不換藥的沙皇主義,其對華政策,就是把中國「蘇維埃化」....,只是這些國民黨強調多年的真相,沒什麼人相信。
1930年代初期,中共領導人圈子普遍是這樣的狀況。就中共而言,根本談不上有任何程度的獨立自主。財務上完全依賴莫斯科,癱瘓了共產運動的領導人。他們最多或許可能反對共產國際駐中國代表,但絕不敢冒犯克里姆林宮本身。
             《毛澤東:真實的故事》P249
1949年12月史達林(前排右)71歲生日慶祝活動上,他與毛澤東(前排右)合照。
1949年12月史達林(前排右)71歲生日慶祝活動上,他與毛澤東(前排右)合照。圖片來源:維基百科
根據蘇聯密檔史料,毛澤東能夠成為領導人,全賴史達林為他打造偉大形象,積極推動個人崇拜。潘佐夫的祖父──蘇聯著名中國史專家喬治‧愛倫堡(Georgii Borisovich Erenburg),1930年代便就曾接受蘇共委託,為毛澤東立傳。

史達林操弄派系,毛澤東夾縫求生

史達林與共產國際(Comintern)1927年才注意到毛澤東,當時他赴湖南湘潭、湘鄉、衡山、醴陵、長沙五縣考察農民運動,3月發表《湖南農民運動考察報告》,主張激進農民革命,報告被翻譯成俄文發表,蘇共第二把交易布哈林(Nikolai Bukharin)看到報告,引介到蘇共中央。
毛澤東的初戀、戀愛結合的第二任妻子楊開慧(中),她沒看到夫婿功成名就,就因為不願與毛劃清界線遭國民政府處決。她的遺言:「.... 我希望我死後,親友不會為我辦一場資產階級的葬禮。」圖片來源:維基百科,https://goo.gl/j8l6yb
毛澤東的初戀、戀愛結合的第二任妻子楊開慧(中),她沒看到夫婿功成名就,就因為不願與毛劃清界線遭國民政府處決。她的遺言:「.... 我希望我死後,親友不會為我辦一場資產階級的葬禮。」圖片來源:維基百科
當時還有王明、博古、周恩來等資深黨員,在共產國際不同派系支持下,爭奪中共領導權。
毛澤東主張「農村包圍城市」的農民革命,與莫斯科下達的「工人革命」路線不同,剛開始屈居下風,政治地位忽上忽下、朝不保夕,他也常藉口身體不適,不出席黨內會議。
潘佐夫說,其他派系看他不順眼,好幾次上書莫斯科,要送毛澤東過去「接受醫療」,就是送交黨中央管訓的意思。
當時許多共產黨員(瞿秋白、李立三等人)一到莫斯科,就可能被共產國際批鬥、逮捕、毆打、折磨扣留、甚至遭暗殺。

毛生毛死,史達林ㄧ念之間

史達林可以輕易除掉毛澤東,但他更想透過操控派系鬥爭,鞏固自己的領導權威,於是堅持毛澤東「留在中國治療」,目的牽制周恩來、項英、王明、博古等人。
1935年後,史達林才決定厚愛毛澤東,推動毛個人崇拜運動,幫助他提高國內聲望,另一方面加強對毛的垂直控制。潘佐夫書中寫著:
唯有把中國共產黨改造成俄國式、以領袖為中心的黨(史達林化),未來與國民黨的內戰才能確保勝利。中國共產黨的史達林化,需要強化其領導人的個人崇拜,以及完全壓制黨內反對派,即使沒有真正的反對派存在,也不妨編造出來。在這些方面,史達林經驗豐富,可以幫毛澤東大忙。
檔案資料顯示,1938年史達林打算於共產國際公審周恩來、劉少奇、陳雲、李立三、楊尚昆、董必武、瞿秋白在內的共產國際官員(中共指標人物),後來才打消念頭,但整肅名單上,從來沒有出現毛的大名。

史達林跟前膽小、怯懦的兒皇帝

對日戰爭勝利後,莫斯科原打算只與國民政府交涉,不堅持參攪國共內戰。但蔣介石失策於1946年與蘇聯劃清界線,激怒史達林下令蘇聯軍隊,把東北地方接收的日軍武器、利益,整批移轉給毛澤東黨徒,中共才能迅速拿下中國江山。
毛澤東非常尊敬史達林,視他為偉大導師,認真奉行史達林主義,建國初期北京重要人事任免,莫斯科點頭才能生效,俄中的主從關係,沒有商量餘地。1949年中共執政後,毛澤東首次訪問莫斯科,史達林長達30天時間不見不理,潘佐夫說:
史達林故意要這麼幹。他要折辱毛澤東,給他一個教訓,別再趾高氣昂。他實際上在告訴毛澤東,在這裡我講話才算數。我是世界共產主義運動的偉大領袖,你算哪跟蔥?你是我底下的小學生,你得照我的話去做事才行。
回到中國後,克里姆林宮持續竊聽中南海,派員(尤金,Π.Ф.)就近監視毛言行,而且多次公開羞辱北京,但毛澤東始終緊緊追隨,按耐著性子向主子一再表示效忠。
除了強勢干預中國政局,史達林從未放棄「社會主義接管全球」的念頭,他為了削弱美國實力,鼓動北韓金日成發動統一戰爭(韓戰),強逼殘破厭戰的中國人「抗美援朝」,3年內死傷90多萬兵力,毛長子岸英也陣亡。但毛澤東直到史達林(1953年)死後,才敢脫離蘇聯模式。
20150709-030-專訪《毛澤東真實故事》作者潘佐夫-余志偉攝.jpg
《毛澤東真實故事》作者潘佐夫,余志偉攝

如果史達林多活10年?

沒有史達林,就不會有後來的毛澤東,今日中共絕對會是不同局面。如果史達林多活10年,中國會不會是一個完全不同的國家?潘佐夫說,身為歷史學家,研究的是過去發生的事情,若試著推估這些假設性問題的答案,他說:
毛是個尊重實(武)力的人,他尊重史達林的拳頭。史毛關係在1950年韓戰問題上急速惡化,毛澤東覺得他很難取悅,如果史達林活得更長,也許毛澤東會延後跟蘇聯決裂的時間,情況當然會有很大不同。
史達林對外交、政治權力的掌控非常強勢,隨著身體健康、個性偏執急速惡化,最後幾年,他對待毛澤東的方式越來越惡劣,毛吃不消、卻也敢怒不敢言,除了實力相差懸殊,毛澤東對史達林也有著發自內心的崇敬,生前領導風格--大搞個人崇拜、編造政敵、完全壓制反對意見,始終奉行史達林路線。

個人崇拜運動技高一籌的史達林,儘管死後遭批鬥,至今仍有許多追隨者,圖為倫敦史達林迷的聚會,圖片來源:https://goo.gl/0HxJ3y

徐志摩的《夜》1922



徐志摩的《夜》賞析


【原文】
                       夜①

 
                       一

    夜,無所不包的夜,我頌美你!
    夜,現在萬像都像乳飽了的嬰孩,在你大母溫柔的、懷抱中眠熟。
    一天只是緊疊的烏雲,象野外一座帳篷,靜悄悄
     的,靜悄悄的;
    河面只閃著些纖微,軟弱的輝芒,橋邊的長梗水
     草,黑沉沉的象幾條爛醉的鮮魚橫浮在水上,任
     憑憊懶的柳條,在他們的肩尾邊撩拂;
    對岸的牧場,屏圍著墨青色的榆蔭,陰森森的,
     像一座才空的古墓;那邊樹背光芒,又是什麼
     呢?
    我在這沉靜的境界中徘徊,在凝神地傾聽,……聽
     不出青林的夜樂,聽不出康河的夢囈,聽不出鳥
     翅的飛聲;
    我卻在這靜溫中,聽出宇宙進行的聲息,黑夜的脈
     搏與呼吸,聽出無數的夢魂的匆忙踪跡;
    也聽出我自己的幻想,感受了神秘的衝動,在豁動
     他久斂的習翮,準備飛出他沉悶的巢居,飛出這
     沉寂的環境,去尋訪
    黑夜的奇觀,去尋訪更玄奧的秘密——
    聽呀,他已經沙沙的飛出雲外去了!

   ① 寫於1922年7月,1923年12月1日《晨報·文學旬刊》署名志摩,原詩後編者附
      言:“志摩這首長詩,確是另創一種新的格局與藝術,請讀者註意!”
    ② 原文此處未標段,按顧永棣編《徐志摩詩全編》(1987年6月浙江文藝出版社版)
      所加,標出“一”。


                       二

    一座大海的邊沿,黑夜將慈母似的胸懷,緊貼住安
     息的萬象;
    波瀾也只是睡意,只是懶懶向空疏的沙灘上洗淹,
     像一個小沙彌在瞌睡地撞他的夜鐘,只是一片模
     糊的聲響。
    那邊岩石的面前,直豎著一個偉大的黑影——是人
     嗎?
    一頭的長發,散披在肩上,在微風中顫動;
    他的兩肩,瘦的,長的,向著無限的的天空舉著,——
    他似在禱告,又似在悲泣——
    是呀,悲泣——
    海浪還只在慢沉沉的推送——
    看呀,那不是他的一滴眼淚?
    一顆明星似的眼淚,掉落在空疏的海砂上,落在倦懶的浪頭上,落在睡海的心窩
上,落在黑夜的腳
     邊——一顆明星似的眼淚!
    一顆神靈,有力的眼淚,彷彿是發酵的酒釀,作
     炸的引火,霹靂的電子;
    他喚醒了海,喚醒了天,喚醒了黑夜,喚醒了浪
     濤——真偉大的革命——
    霎時地扯開了滿天的雲幕,化散了遲重的霧氣,
    純碧的天中,復現出一輪團圓的明月,
    一陣威武的西風,猛掃著大寶的琴弦,開始,神偉
     的音樂。
    海見了月光的笑容,聽了大風的呼嘯,也像初醒的
     獅虎,搖擺咆哮起來——
    霎時地浩大的聲響,霎時地普遍的猖狂!
    夜呀!你曾經見過幾滴那明星似的眼淚?


                       三

    到了二十世紀的不夜城。
    夜呀,這是你的叛逆,這是惡俗文明的廣告,無
     恥,淫猥,殘暴,骯髒,——表面卻是一致的輝
     耀,看,這邊是跳舞會的尾聲,
    那邊是夜宴的收梢,那廂高樓上一個肥狠的猶大,
     正在姦污他錢擄的新娘;
    那邊街道轉角上,有兩個強人,擒住一個過客,
     一手用刀割斷他的喉管,一手掏他的錢包;
    那邊酒店的門外,麇聚著一群醉鬼,蹣跚地在穢
     語,狂歌,音似鈍刀刮鍋底——
    幻想更不忍觀望,趕快的掉轉翅膀,向清淨境界飛
     去。
     飛過了海,飛過了山,也飛回了一百多年的光陰——
     他到了“湖濱詩侶”的故鄉。
     多明淨的夜色!只淡淡的星輝在湖胸上舞旋,三四個草蟲叫夜;
     四圍的山峰都把寬廣的身影,寄宿在葛瀨士迷亞柔軟的湖心,沉酣的睡熟;
    那邊“乳鴿山莊”放射出幾縷油燈的稀光,斜僂在莊前的荊籬上;
    聽呀,那不是華翁①吟詩的清音——

    The Poets, who on earth have made us heirs
    Of truth and pure delight by heavenly lays!
    Oh! might my name be numbered among theirs,
    Then gladly would I end my mortal days.
    詩人解釋大自然的精神,
    美妙與詩歌的歡樂,蘇解人間愛困!
    無羨富貴,但求為此高尚的詩歌者之一人,
    便撒手長瞑,我已不負吾生。
    我便無憾地辭塵埃,返歸無垠。

    他音雖不亮,然韻節流暢,證見曠達的情懷,一個
     個的音符,都變成了活動的火星,從窗櫺裡點飛出
    來!飛入天空,彷彿一串鳶燈,憑徹青雲,下
     照流波,餘音灑灑的驚起了林裡的棲禽,放歌稱
     嘆。
    接著清脆的嗓音,又不是他妹妹桃綠水(Dorothy)②的?
    呀,原來新染煙癖的高柳列奇(Coleridge)③也在他
     家作客,三人圍坐在那間湫隘的客室裡,壁爐前烤
     火爐裡燒著他們早上在園裡親劈的栗柴,在必拍的
     作響,鐵架上的水壺也已經滾沸,嗤嗤有聲:
    To sit without emotion, hope, or aim,
    In the loved presence of my cottage-fire,
    And listen to the flapping of the flame,
    Or kettle whispering its faint undersong.
    坐處在可愛的將息爐火之前,
    無情緒的興奮,無冀,無籌營,
    聽,但聽火焰,颭搖的微喧,
    聽水壺的沸響,自然的樂音。

    夜呀,像這樣人間難得的紀念,你保了多少……

    ①指英國著名的湖畔派詩人騷塞。
  ②華茲華斯的妹妹,通譯為多蘿西。
    ③即英國湖畔派詩人柯勒律治。



                       四①

    他又離了詩侶的山莊,飛出了湖濱,重複逆溯著
     泅②湧的時潮,到了幾百年前海岱兒堡(Heidelberg)的一個跳舞盛會。
    雄偉的赭色宮堡一體沉浸在滿目的銀濤中,山下的
     尼波河(Nubes)有悄悄的進行。
    堡內只是舞過鬧酒的歡聲,那位海量的侏儒今晚已
     喝到第六十三瓶啤酒,嚷著要吃那大廚裡燒烤的
     全牛,引得滿庭假髮粉面的男客、長裙如雲女
     賓,哄堂的大笑。
    在笑聲裡幻想又溜回了不知幾十世紀的一個昏
     夜——
    眼前只見烽煙四起,巴南蘇斯的群山點成一座照徹
     雲天大火屏,
    遠遠聽得呼聲,古樸壯碩的呼聲,——
     “阿加孟龍③打破了屈次奄④,奪回了海倫⑤,
     現在凱旋回雅典了,
     希臘的人氏呀,大家快來歡呼呀! ——
     阿加孟龍,王中的王! ”阿加孟龍,王中的王! ”
    這呼聲又將我幻想的雙翼,吹回更不知無量數的由
     旬,到了一個更古的黑夜,一座大山洞的跟前;
    一群男女、老的、少的、腰圍獸皮或樹葉的原民,
     蹲踞在一堆柴火的跟前,在煨烤大塊的獸肉。猛
     烈地騰竄的火花,同他們強固的軀體,黔黑多
     毛的肌膚——
     這是人類文明的搖盪時期。
     夜呀,你是我們的老乳娘!

  ①原文此處未標段,按顧永棣編《徐志摩詩全集》所加,標出“四”。
    ②疑為“洶”字。
    ③現通譯為阿伽門農,希臘神話裡的邁錫尼王。發動過特洛伊戰爭。曾任希臘聯軍
      統帥。
    ④現通譯為特洛伊。為小亞西亞古鎮。
    ⑤希臘神話中的美貌女子,曾被特洛伊王子誘騙,最後,被阿伽門農奪回。


                       五

    最後飛出氣圍,飛出了時空的關塞。
    當前是宇宙的大觀!
    幾百萬個太陽,大的小的,紅的黃的,放花竹似的
     在無極中激震,旋轉——
    但人類的地球呢?
    一海的星砂,卻向哪裡找去,
    不好,他的歸路迷了!
    夜呀,你在哪裡?
    光明,你又在哪裡?
    六
    “不要怕,前面有我。”一個聲音說。
    “你是誰呀?”
    “不必問,跟著我來不會錯的。我是宇宙的樞紐,
     我是光明的泉源,我是神聖的衝動,我是生命的
     生命,我是詩魂的嚮導;不要多心,跟我來不會
     錯的。 ”
    “我不認識你。”
    “你已經認識我!在我的眼前,太陽,草木,星,
     月,介殼,鳥獸,各類的人,蟲豸,都是同胞,
    他們都是從我取得生命,都受我的愛護,我是太
     陽的太陽,永生的火焰;
    你只要聽我指導,不必猜疑,我叫你上山,你不要
     怕險;我教你入水,你不要怕淹;我教你蹈火,
     你不要怕燒;我叫你跟我走,你不要問我是誰;
    我不在這裡;也不在那裡,但只隨便哪裡都有我。
     若然萬像都是空的幻的,我是終古不變的真理與
     實在;
    你方才遨遊黑夜的勝跡,你已經得見他許多珍藏的
     秘密,——你方才經過大海的邊沿,不是看見一
     顆明星似的眼淚嗎? ——那就是我。
    你要真靜定,須向狂風暴雨的底里求去;你要真和
     諧,須向混沌的底里求去;
    你要真平安,須向大變亂,大革命的底里求去;
    你要真幸福,須向真痛裡嘗去;
    你要真實在,須向真空虛裡悟去;
    你要真生命,須向最危險的方向訪去;
    你要真天堂,須向地獄裡守去;
    這方向就是我。
    這是我的話,我的教訓,我的啟方;
    我現在已經領你回到你好奇的出發處,引起遊興
     的夜裡;
    你看這不是湛露的綠草,這不是溫馴的康河?願你
     再不要多疑,聽我的話,不會錯的,——我永遠
     在你的周圍。

                                      一九二二年七月康橋




*****
【賞析】

    徐志摩的確是現代中國少有的至情至性的詩人!真的。有誰像他那樣喜歡仰看天空?
比他詩作豐盈的人不在少數,但似乎還沒有別的詩人像他那樣鍾情於雲彩、明星、神明
之類的天空意象。這個特點很重要。被海德格爾稱為“詩人之詩人”的荷爾德林曾唱道:
    假如生活是十足的辛勞,人可否
    抬望眼,仰天而問:我甘願這樣?
    是否仰望天空,往往是物性與詩性,現實與超越的尺度。因為詩人是以追求神性、
歌吟神性的方式來確定人的本真生存,為人的本真探尋尺度,為人的超越築造棧道的。
所以,海德格爾斷言:“詩便是對神性尺度的採納,是為了人的棲居而對神性尺度的採
納。”(《……人詩意地棲居……》)這種採納決定了真正的詩人必然都是在世俗中站
出自身的天空仰望者和聆聽者,他們將一切天空的燦爛景觀與每一行進的聲響都召喚到
歌詞之中,從而使它們光彩奪目悅耳動聽,同時也將自身被生存塵埃所遮蔽的本真敞亮
出來。
    徐志摩正是這樣的詩人。《夜》這章散文詩是他早年留學英國寫下的作品,藝術上
還不很成熟,但無疑是在生存現實中面向神明的站出,一次對存在的“出神”聆聽。
裡,詩的說話者把自己當作“大母”懷中的一個,在沉靜的夜色下呼請平等物的出場,
從而使自己真正置身於一個敞開之域:
    我卻在這靜溫中,聽出宇宙進行的聲息,
      黑夜的脈博與呼吸,聽出無數的夢魂的
     匆忙踪跡;
    也聽出我自己的幻想,感受了神秘的衝動,
     在豁動他久斂的習翮,準備飛出他沉悶
     的巢居,飛出這沉寂的環境,去尋訪黑夜的奇觀,去
    尋訪更玄奧的秘密——
    這是一種真正的敞開,敞開的不只是日常現實中看不見(即被遮蔽)的存在,還有
被遮蔽的本真的自我。正是由於這種雙重的,互為關係的敞亮,詩人能夠經由夜進入存
在,看見“神”的站立,聽見“神”的召喚,從而獲得一種存在的尺度。這種尺度使詩
人看到了二十世紀表面“一致的輝耀”背面那惡俗文明的後果:無恥,淫猥,殘暴,骯
臟。不夜城的燈紅酒綠並不意味著精神的健全和詩意的豐盈,恰恰相反,這裡是真正的
詩意的貧乏——通過一百多年前“湖濱詩侶”故鄉的神遊,詩人發現了自然精神和本真
的失落,從而仰天而問:“像這樣難得的紀念,你保了多少……”
    失落之路實際上是一條充滿精神的聲響之路,詩人逆溯著洶湧的時潮,甚至追尋到
了人類文明的搖盪時期,並把它們置放在宇宙的時空中。最後發現,在這條失落之路上,
大地上的生存者成了大地的陌生者,連我們的棲居之所,連黑夜與白晝,也含混莫辨了
(“但人類的地球呢?/一海的星砂,卻向哪裡找去,/不好,他的歸路迷了!/夜呀,
你在哪裡?/光明,你又在哪裡?”)的確,當思考我們是誰,從哪裡來,往哪裡去這
樣一些存在的根本問題,對生存作終極性的追問時,很容易陷入一種虛無和絕望之境的。
然而,能否對生存作終極性的追問,是否有一顆關懷源初和未來的心,往往是丈量一般
詩匠與真正詩人的尺度。真正的詩人不只給人們帶來快感、撫慰和愉悅,他還把讀者引
入新的發現裡,引入已經忘記的、很重要的洞見裡,引入人類經驗的本質裡,使讀者能
更廣闊地領悟存在,理解同類和自己,意識到人性的複雜性,人生經驗中悲劇與遭遇、
激動與歡樂的複雜性。可貴之處還在於,面對自然精神和人類本真的失落,《夜》不是
指向虛無或輕飄的浪漫幻想,而是面對真實的生存遮蔽,探尋真正的自我救贖之路:
    你要真靜定,須向狂風暴雨的底里求去;
     你要真和諧,須向混沌的底里求去; 你要真平安,須向大變亂,大革命的底里
     求去;
    你要真幸福,須向真痛裡嘗去;
    你要真實在,須向真空虛裡悟去;
    你要真生命,須向最危險的方向訪去;
    你要真天堂,須向地獄裡守去;……
    這種下入深淵,上追神靈的詩句,在詩意貧乏的時代,具有生存感悟的深刻性。
為今天與未來的應答,《夜》幾乎走到了絕望的邊緣,然而正是在這意識的邊緣,詩人
握到了轉機和超越的可能性:不是虛無,也不是簡單逃向過去,回到人類的童年,而是
更深地進入深淵,在狂風暴雨裡,在渾沌動盪裡,在真實的痛苦和空虛裡,在煉獄和危
險裡,尋求真正的拯救與和諧。是的,救贖的可能植根於存在之中並有待於人類自身的
超越。正因為領悟到這一點,在這章散文詩的結尾,說話者在經歷了真正的焦慮與絕望
之後,獲得了心的安寧,從而真正與如同大母的夜取得了和解,站在萬象平等共處的位
置上,重新見到瞭如同源初記憶的湛露的綠草與溫馴的康河。這時候,我們會情不自禁
地聯想起禪宗的一個著名公案來:老僧幾十年前參禪時,見山是山,見水是水;到了後
來親見知識,有個人處,見山不是山,見水不是水;而今得個體歇處,依然見山只是山,
見水只是水。
                                                      (王光明)


Arabesque: the mouse by A. E. Coppard 徐志摩譯:〈蜿蜒:一隻小鼠〉

徐志摩譯:〈蜿蜒:一隻小鼠〉 (Arabesque: the mouse by A. E. Coppard )《新月》第三卷第4期 1930.6.10

Arabesque多義,徐志摩似乎採第一義:

  1.  アラビア風の装飾模様。文字・蔓草 (つるくさ) ・幾何学図形などを図案化したもの。唐草模様。
  1.  装飾的、幻想的な内容の楽曲。
  1.  クラシックバレエの基本体勢の一。右手を斜め上に、左手を斜め下に、右足で体重を支え、左足は斜め後方に上げる。


字詞 
注音 ㄨㄢˇ ˊ

釋義 
  • 1蛇類行走的樣子。三國魏.曹植〈九愁賦〉:「御飛龍之蜿蜒,揚翠霓之華旌。」《聊齋志異.卷一.蛇人》:「既去,頃之復來,蜿蜒笥外。」
  • 2曲折延伸的樣子。漢.李尤〈德陽殿賦〉:「連璧組之潤漫,雜虯文之蜿蜒。」也作「宛延」。

SUMMARY
Filip, a middle-aged man, sits in his room on the fourth floor of an old house in the commercial area of a city. He is reading a Russian novel, as is his late-evening habit. After becoming aware of a small mouse scurrying about the room, he baits a trap to catch it. There are many mice in the building; he knows he must try to eradicate them but feels pity for the bright-eyed rodent. He says, “Mean—so mean, to appeal to the hunger of any living thing just in order to destroy it.” This sentence becomes a key to the flashbacks that follow.
Filip remembers having been a sensitive child who was upset at having to carry dead larks, tied by the feet, home for supper. When he got home, his face stained with tears, he discovered his mother expressing breast milk into their fire; she was weaning his baby sister. As his mother allowed him to help squeeze out her milk, he noticed her heart beating, then felt his own heart beat. His mother noted that the heart must beat for one to live. Filip kissed his mother and cried out, “Little mother! Little mother!”
The next day Filip’s world changed forever when his mother was knocked down in the street by a horse, and a cart ran over her hands, crushing them. Her hands were amputated and she died shortly thereafter.
Haunted by the image of his handless mother, Filip grew into a questioning man who found justice and sin and property and virtue incompatible. His rebellious spirit was rebuffed...





arabesque: the mouse
by a. e. coppard
In the main street amongst tall establishments of mart and worship was a high narrow housepressed between a coffee factory and a bootmaker’s. It had four flights of long dim echoingstairs, and at the top, in a room that was full of the smell of dried apples and mice, a man in themiddle age of life had sat reading Russian novels until he thought he was mad. Late was thehour, the night outside black and freezing, the pavements below empty and undistinguishablewhen he closed his book and sat motionless in front of the glowing but flameless fire. He felt hewas very tired yet he could not rest. He stared at a picture on the wall until he wanted to cry; itwas a colour print by Utamaro of a suckling child caressing its mother’s breastsas she sits infront of a blackbound mirror. Very chaste and decorative it was, in spite of its curious anatomy.
The man gazed, empty of sight though not of mind, until the sighing of the gas jet maddenedhim. He got up, put out the light, and sat down again in the darkness trying to compose his mindbefore the comfort of the fire. And he was just about to begin a conversation with himself when amouse crept from a hole in the skirting near the fireplace and scurried into the fender. The manhad the crude dislike for such sly nocturnal things, but this mouse was so small and bright, itsantics so pretty, that he drew his feet carefully from the fender and sat watching it almost withamusement. The mouse moved along the shadows of the fender, out upon the hearth, and satbefore the glow, rubbing its head, ears, and belly with its paws as if it were bathing itself with thewarmth, until, sharp and sudden, the fire sank, an ember fell, and the mouse flashed into its hole.
The man reached forward to the mantelpiece and put his hand upon a pocket lamp. Turning onthe beam, he opened the door of a cupboard beside the fireplace. Upon one of the shelves therewas a small trap baited with cheese, a trap made with a wire spring, one of those that smasheddown to break the back of ingenuous and unwary mice.


"Mean—so mean," he mused, "to appeal to the hunger of any living thing just in order todestroy it. "
He picked up the empty trap as if to throw it in the fire.
"I suppose I had better leave it though—the place swarms with them. " He still hesitated. "Ihope that little beastie won’t go and do anything foolish. " He put the trap back quite carefully,closed the door of the cupboard, sat down again and extinguished the lamp.
Was there any one else in the world so squeamish and foolish about such things! Even hismother, mother so bright and beautiful, even she had laughed at his childish horrors. He recalledhow once in his childhood, not long after his sister Yosine was born, a friendly neighbour hadsent him home with a bundle of dead larks tied by the feet "for supper. " The pitiful inanimity ofthe birds had brought a gush of tears; he had run weeping home and into the kitchen, and there hehad found a strange thing doing. It was dusk; mother was kneeling before the fire. He droppedthe larks.
"Mother!" he exclaimed softly. She looked at his tearful face.
"What’s the matter, Filip?" she asked, smiling too at his astonishment.
"Mother! What you doing?"
Her bodice was open and she was squeezing her breasts; long thin streams of milk spurted intothe fire with a plunging noise.
"Weaning your little sister," laughed mother. She took his inquisitive face and pressed itagainst the delicate warmth of her bosom, and he forgot the dead birds behind him.
"Let me do it, mother," he cried, and doing so he discovered the throb of the heart in hismother’s breast. Wonderful it was for him to experience it, although she could not explain it tohim.
"Why does it do that?"
"If it did not beat, little son, I should die and the Holy Father would take me from you. "
"God?"
She nodded. He put his hand upon his own breast. "Oh feel it, Mother!" he cried. Motherunbuttoned his little coat and felt the gentle tick tick with her warm palm.
"Beautiful!" she said.
"Is it a good one?"
She kissed his upsmiling lips. "It is good if it beats truly. Let it always beat truly, Filip, let italways beat truly. "
There was the echo of a sigh in her voice, and he had divined some grief, for he was very wise.
He kissed her bosom in his tiny ecstasy and whispered soothingly: "Little mother! little mother!"
In such joys he forgot his horror of the dead larks; indeed he helped mother to pluck them andspit them for supper.
It was a black day that succeeded, and full of tragedy for the child. A great bay horse with atawny mane had knocked down his mother in the lane, and a heavy cart had passed over her,crushing both her hands. She was borne away moaning with anguish to the surgeon who cut offthe two hands. She died in the night. For years the child’s dreams were filled with the horror ofthe stumps of arms, bleeding unendingly. Yet he had never seen them, for he was sleeping whenshe died.
While this old woe was come vividly before him he again became aware of the mouse. Hisnerves stretched upon him in repulsion, but he soon relaxed to a tolerant interest, for it was reallya most engaging little mouse. It moved with curious staccato scurries, stopping to rub its head orflicker with its ears; they seemed almost transparent ears. It spied a red cinder and skippedinnocently up to it…. sniffing…. sniffing … until it jumped back scorched. It would crouchas a cat does, blinking in the warmth, or scamper madly as if dancing, and then roll upon its siderubbing its head with those pliant paws. The melancholy man watched it until it came at last to rest and squatted meditatively upon its haunches, hunched up, looking curiously wise, apennyworth of philosophy; then once more the coals sank with a rattle and again the mouse wasgone.

The man sat on before the fire and his mind filled again with unaccountable sadness. He hadgrown into manhood with a burning generosity of spirit and rifts of rebellion in him that provedtoo exacting for his fellows and seemed mere wantonness to men of casual rectitudes. "Justiceand Sin," he would cry, "Property and Virtue—incompatibilities! There can be no sin in a worldof justice, no property in a world of virtue!" With an engaging extravagance and a certain clear-eyedhonesty of mind he had put his two and two together and seemed then to rejoice, as in sometopsy-turvy dream, in having rendered unto Caesar, as you might say, the things that were due to Napoleon! But this kind of thing could not pass unexpiated in a world of men living an infiniteregard for Property and a pride in their traditions of Virtue and Justice. They could indeedforgive him his sins but they could not forgive him his compassions. So he had to go seek formore melodious-minded men and fair unambiguous women. But rebuffs can deal more deadlyblows than daggers; he became timid—a timidity not of fear but of pride—and grew with theyears into misanthropy, susceptible to trivial griefs and despairs, a vessel of emotion that emptiedas easily as it filled, until he came at last to know that his griefs were half deliberate, his despairshalf unreal, and to live but for beauty—which is tranquillity—to put her wooing hand upon him.
Now, while the mouse hunts in the cupboard, one fair recollection stirs in the man’s mind—of Cassia and the harmony of their only meeting, Cassia who had such rich red hair, and eyes, yes,her eyes were full of starry enquiry like the eyes of mice. It was so long ago that he had forgottenhow he came to be in it, that unaccustomed orbit of vain vivid things—a village festival, alloranges and houp-là. He could not remember how he came to be there, but at night, in the court hall, he had danced with Cassia—fai
r and unambiguous indeed!—who had come like the windfrom among the roses and swept into his heart.
"It is easy to guess," he had said to her, "what you like most in the world. "
She laughed; "To dance? Yes, and you … ?"
"To find a friend. "
"I know, I know," she cried, caressing him with recognitions. "Ah, at times I quite love myfriends—until I begin to wonder how much they hate me!"
He had loved at once that cool pale face, the abundance of her strange hair as light as theautumn’s clustered bronze, her lilac dress and all the sweetness about her like a bush of lilies.
How they had laughed at the two old peasants whom they had overheard gabbling of trifles likesickness and appetite!
"There’s a lot of nature in a parsnip," said one, a fat person of the kind that swells grosslywhen stung by a bee, "a lot of nature when it’s young, but when it’s old it’s like everything else. "
"True it is. "
"And I’m very fond of vegetables, yes, and I’m very fond of bread. "
"Come out with me," whispered Cassia to Filip, and they walked out in the blackness ofmidnight into what must have been a garden.
"Cool it is here," she said, "and quiet, but too dark even to see your face—can you see mine?"
"The moon will not rise until after dawn," said he, "it will be white in the sky when thestarlings whistle in your chimney. "
They walked silently and warily about until they felt the chill of the air. A dull echo of themusic came to them through the walls, then stopped, and they heard the bark of a fox away in thewoods.
"You are cold," he whispered, touching her bare neck with timid fingers. "Quite, quite cold,"
drawing his hand tenderly over the curves of her chin and face. "Let us go in," he said, movingwith discretion from the rapture he desired. "We will come out again," said Cassia.
But within the room the ball was just at an end, the musicians were packing up theirinstruments and the dancers were flocking out and homewards, or to the buffet which was on aplatform at one end of the room. The two old peasants were there, munching hugely.
"I tell you," said one of them, "there’s nothing in the world for it but the grease of an owl’sliver. That’s it, that’s it! Take something on your stomach now, just to offset the chill of thedawn!"
Filip and Cassia were beside them, but there were so many people crowding the platform thatFilip had to jump down. He stood then looking up adoringly at Cassia, who had pulled a purplecloak around her.
"For Filip, Filip, Filip," she said, pushing the last bite of her sandwich into his mouth, andpressing upon him her glass of Loupiac. Quickly he drank it with a great gesture, and, flingingthe glass to the wall, took Cassia into his arms, shouting: "I’ll carry you home, the whole wayhome, yes, I’ll carry you!"
"Put me down!" she cried, beating his head and pulling his ears, as they passed among thedeparting dancers. "Put me down, you wild thing!"
Dark, dark was the lane outside, and the night an obsidian net, into which he walked carryingthe girl. But her arms were looped around him, she discovered paths for him, clinging moretightly as he staggered against a wall, stumbled upon a gulley, or when her sweet hair was caught in the boughs of a little lime tree.
"Do not loose me, Filip, will you, do not loose me," Cassia said, putting her lips against histemple.
His brain seemed bursting, his heart rocked within him, but he adored the rich grace of herlimbs against his breast. "Here it is," she murmured, and he carried her into a path that led to herhome in a little lawned garden where the smell of ripe apples upon the branches and the heavylustre of roses stole upon the air. Roses and apples! Roses and apples! He carried her right intothe porch before she slid down and stood close to him with her hands still upon his shoulders. He could breathe happily at the release, standing silent and looking round at the sky sprayed withwondrous stars but without a moon.
"You are stronger than I thought you, stronger than you look, you are really very strong," shewhispered, nodding her head to him. Opening the buttons of his coat she put her palm against hisbreast.
"Oh, how your heart does beat: does it beat truly—and for whom?"
He had seized her wrists in a little fury of love, crying: "Little mother, little mother!"
"What are you saying?" asked the girl; but before he could continue there came a footstepsounding behind the door, and the clack of a bolt….
What was that? Was that really a bolt or was it … was it … . the snap of the trap? The mansat up in his room intently listening, with nerves quivering again, waiting for the trap to kill thelittle philosopher. When he felt it was all over he reached guardedly in the darkness for thelantern, turned on the beam, and opened the door of the cupboard. Focussing the light upon thetrap he was amazed to see the mouse sitting on its haunches before it, uncaught. Its head was bowed, but its bead-like eyes were full of brightness, and it sat blinking, it did not flee.

"Shoosh!" said the man, but the mouse did not move. "Why doesn’t it go? Shoosh!" he saidagain, and suddenly the reason of the mouse’s strange behaviour was made clear. The trap hadnot caught it completely, but it had broken off both its forefeet, and the thing crouched thereholding out its two bleeding stumps humanly, too stricken to stir.
Horror flooded the man, and conquering his repugnance he plucked the mouse up quickly bythe neck. Immediately the little thing fastened its teeth in his finger; the touch was no more thanthe slight prick of a pin. The man’s impulse then exhausted itself. What should he do with it? Heput his hand behind him, he dared not look, but there was nothing to be done except kill it atonce, quickly, quickly. Oh, how should he do it? He bent towards the fire as if to drop the mouseinto its quenching glow; but he paused and shuddered, he would hear its cries, he would have tolisten. Should he crush it with finger and thumb? A glance towards the window decided him. He opened the sash with one hand and flung the wounded mouse far into the dark street. Closing thewindow with a crash he sank into a chair, limp with pity too deep for tears.
So he sat for two minutes, five minutes, ten minutes. Anxiety and shame filled him with heat.
He opened the window again, and the freezing air poured in and cooled him. Seizing his lanternhe ran down the echoing stairs, into the dark empty street, searching long and vainly for the little philosopher until he had to desist and return to his room, shivering, frozen to his very bones.
When he had recovered some warmth he took the trap from its shelf. The two feet dropped intohis hand; he cast them into the fire. Then he once more set the trap and put it back carefully intothe cupboard.

2018年12月25日 星期二

西安事變 傅斯年情勢分析...... China in Stalin's grand strategy; Richard Nixon Visits Taipei 1964


圖為日本時代1936年臺灣人在廈門遭中國警逮捕,由日大使館交涉飭回。(1937臺灣日日新報)
當時臺灣人國籍就是日本,當然和對岸的中華民國不一樣。在國外出了事,當然是自己的領事館出面交涉保護國民。
我們和二戰後流亡來臺的中華民國,有著截然不同的過去。我們沒有在對岸革命北伐抗戰,不管對過去那段時光的觀感如何,我們有自己的歷史。我們的歷史記憶必須被尊重。
延伸閱讀:
我們的歷史記憶,和你們的不一樣。
http://www.twmemory.org/?p=8335
本文同步刊載於
http://www.twmemory.org/?p=8343
Google+
https://plus.google.com/+TwmemoryOrg
☆☆☆☆☆
台灣回憶探險團 台灣回憶募集中,各位團友若有任何關於台灣的老照片、影片或是文獻,都歡迎投稿與大家分享討論哦~~!


上面是1937.1.1 臺灣日日新報,對"西安事變"只是皮毛報導。
胡適日記1936.12.13 (西安事變隔天) 有洞察力。日記後附1937.1.3/4 的孟真--傅斯年--來信,要求"看後焚之",胡適認為此信太重要,而原信字太草,"故抄清本"....




這論文是胡適先生的力作。
說明西安事變和雅爾達會是國共局勢的兩轉機。
(最讓胡適吃驚的是翁文灝先生給他另一種解讀。
蔣介石給信,希望胡適來台長談。
年譜長編採用毛子水作的節本 中央日報等有節選)
又說, 胡適紀念館印有中英對照本 (聶華玲譯,1967) 。

1964美國副總統尼克森來台時,到紀念館索取過。

Richard Nixon Visits Taipei To Renew Friendship

  • Byline:
  •  
  • Publication Date:04/12/1964
Former Vice President of the United States Richard M.
Nixon visited free China April 7 to 9 in the course of his private tour of free Asian countries.
While in Taipei, Mr. Nixon was the houseguest of President and Madame Chiang Kai-shek. They were renewing a friendship that began when Mr. Nixon, then Vice President of the United States, visited Taipei in 1953 and 1956.
Mr. Nixon told a press conference on his departure that he believes more firmly than ever that the defense of Kinmen and Matsu, the offshore island groups, is vital to the security of the free world and “the free world cannot afford to surrender to the Communists another inch of territory.”
He said that “Communism is on the offensive but a policy of real determination will reverse the tide in our favor.”


China in Stalin's grand strategy.

Main Author: Shih, Hu.
Language(s): English
Published: [New York] 1950.
Subjects: Communism > China
Note: "Reprinted from Foreign affairs, an American quarterly review, October 1950."
Physical Description: [11]-40 p. 25 cm.
Original Format: Book

2018年12月24日 星期一

梁啟超過世90周年:2019年1月19日






參加演講,才知道2019年1月19日是梁啟超先生過世90周年紀念。中國有些出版與紀念























與陳文華學長去台大中文系會議室聽三位著名學者演講。對陳平原,夏曉虹兩先生是久仰大名。他說,講得太淺了。

























梁啟超- 維基百科,自由的百科全書 - Wikipedia

https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/梁启超

梁啟超(1873年2月23日-1929年1月19日,署名作梁𠷠超),字卓如、任甫,別號任公、飲冰室主人,廣東省新會縣潮居都茶坑鄉人,人稱梁新會,清朝末年、民國初年的 ...
嫡子‎: ‎梁思成
子‎: ‎梁思成、梁思永、梁思忠、梁思達、梁思均、梁...
生平 · ‎戊戌變法 · ‎推動君主立憲 · ‎發動護國戰爭

2018年12月22日 星期六

胡適,1946 (2)

謝謝陳建邦先生傳來的文章。

胡適說得好,人的記憶倏忽而逝,如果沒有一 片紙記下來,很快就消失得無影無蹤(所以胡適記 了幾十年的日記,留下了一部寶貴的史料)。~~王汎森:余英時印象,《數理人文 》2015.4,18~23
我與他的留言:
我昨天讀完胡適的1946年日記,準備談它。胡先生忙起來,常1~2月停筆。
我以前退出FACEBOOK個名人的粉絲團,因位余、王等的短文,都被網羅了。每位名家的每篇都有點貨色,文風一貫,所以不必刻意讀它們。余英時固然是胡適專家,不過寫《李遠哲傳》的序文末引的胡適之先生說法,應該是胡適1926年親讀荷馬時,發現他轉引的,"找不到"。


****











沒有自動替代文字。


錢理群《示眾》2013 末頁