《佛所行贊經》； 雷興Ferdinand Diedrich Lessing,1882-1961"我們三人也自有我們的奮勇處"

1922.8.29 胡適邀鋼和泰先生和雷興先生到公園喫茶，談學術上個人才性的不同。
 他們三人都太多的批評態度與歷史眼光，  所以不能像尉禮賢盲目的翻譯中國
經典的熱誠 (翻譯十來部書，風行德語系國家) 。胡適日記說：

"我們三人也自有我們的奮勇處".....

1922.9.1 三人與在君在鋼先生家吃飯，談話。

1922.2.20 (錢文錯記為1922.9.22)  《佛本行經》
胡適記鋼先生上課說的《佛所行贊經》等.....錢文忠《試論馬鳴《佛本行經》》，錢指出胡適的拼寫錯誤：馬鳴菩薩（梵文： अश्वघोष, Aśvaghoṣa），約生於西元110年前後；

Jnanagupta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnanagupta

Jñānagupta (Sanskrit: ज्ञानगुप्त; Chinese: 闍那崛多 or 志德; pinyin: Shénàjuéduō or Zhì Dé) 

胡適日记全集, 第 3 卷 1921-22‎，頁444

Ferdinand Diedrich Lessing, Oriental Languages: Berkeley

	1882-1961
	Agassiz Professor of Oriental Languages and Literature, Emeritus

Ferdinand Diedrich Lessing was born on February 26, 1882, in Essen, Germany. Even as a young boy, he was animated by an insatiable curiosity about the varieties of human linguistic experience and manifested his remarkable talent as a polyglot. When barely twenty, he directed his interests to the then exotic world of China and Inner Asia and was fortunate to come under the guidance of F. W. K. Müller, the most rigorous and erudite of the scholars grouped around the Berlin Ethnographical Museum and engaged in the multilingual research on the newly discovered monuments of Central Asia. In 1907 he went to China where he remained for some seventeen years vigorously pursuing linguistic and ethnographic studies while supporting himself and his now growing family by teaching modern and ancient languages in various Chinese and Japanese colleges.

Ferdinand Lessing returned to Germany in 1925 to complete his doctorate and become Professor of Chinese at the Seminar für Orientalische Sprachen. Two years later he succeeded his esteemed teacher F. W. K. Müller as curator at the Museum. In the early thirties he participated in the Sino-Swedish Expedition under the leadership of the great Swedish explorer Sven Hedin in North China and Mongolia and continued his independent or museum-sponsored researches through various trips as far as Tonkin. In 1935 he

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was called to Berkeley to head the reorganized Department of Oriental Languages and to become the fourth scholar to occupy the first-established of the endowed chairs at the University, the Agassiz Professorship of Oriental Languages and Literature. With the exception of several brief research trips abroad, he lived in Berkeley the rest of his life and was naturalized as a United States citizen in 1946. The program of the department was greatly broadened under his chairmanship notably through the inauguration of courses in Mongolian and Tibetan, the first offerings of systematic instruction in these languages in the United States. An indefatigable teacher, he guided the first steps of beginners or encouraged the probing researches of graduate students, all with equal patience and diligence, in at least seven Oriental languages (Chinese, Japanese, Sanskrit, Tibetan, Pali, Mongolian, and Manchu) for seventeen years, having been recalled to active duty three years beyond the normal date of retirement. Early in his career, Professor Lessing became deeply interested in Buddhism and particularly in the Lamaistic form of that faith, which was so instrumental in shaping the life of the inner borderlands of China, Mongolia, and Tibet. His researches in that difficult field were especially stimulated by the opportunity that presented itself to him, while a member of the Hedin expedition, to study closely the Yung-hokung Cathedral in Peking, an outstanding monument of Lamaist history and Manchu ecclesiastic policy. Lessing's exploration of the cathedral's wealth of iconographic material led to a chain of studies in the interrelation of Lamaist mythology, iconography, and ritual inaugurated by a solid tome Yung-ho-kung, Vol. 1, Stockholm 1942 (Publication 18 of the Sino-Swedish Expedition), and continued through a series of articles in several learned journals. Much of the meticulously documented research on this subject remained, however, in manuscript at the time of his death.

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In 1942, in conjunction with some World War II instruction undertaken at the University, he embarked upon a vast project which occupied him intermittently for eighteen years, the first scholarly Mongolian-English Dictionary. Professor Lessing was uniquely qualified to undertake this task not only by his thorough knowledge of the four pertinent idioms involved in the compilation of the extensive lexicon, namely Mongolian, Tibetan, Sanskrit, and Chinese, but also by his mastery of the Russian language, the chief vehicle of Western Mongolistics. The successful completion of this arduous work was cited as the most spectacular achievement of his long and distinguished career as an Orientalist at the time the University conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws at the 1960 Charter Day exercises. Though modest and self-effacing, he particularly prized that last honor among the several he received during the last part of his life.
He was the founder and longtime energetic executive secretary of the Colloquium Orientologicum. This active group of University and Bay Area scholars chiefly concerned with humanistic studies of Asia have held uninterruptedly regular meetings throughout the past twenty-five years for the discussion of research papers, scores of them subsequently published. Ferdinand Lessing's participation in the meetings was represented not only by ever faithful and lively attendance but also by numerous reports on his current research.
A lifelong devotee and serious student of the music of J. S. Bach, he found relaxation from his philological studies in playing the organ, attending Bach recitals, and in the companionship of scholars and reminiscences of his travels and of the golden era of European Orientalistics.

He died peacefully in his sleep at his home in Berkeley on December 31, 1961, fifty-seven days before his eightieth birthday, unaware of the plans made by his many students in America and in Europe to celebrate the occasion by a

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Festschrift or Festnummer in his honor. He is survived by Margaret Jahn Lessing, whom he married in 1934, and in Germany, by his three daughters by a previous marriage, and six grandchildren.

P. A. Boodberg Y. R. Chao M. C. Rogers 

 *****

 Ferdinand Diedrich Lessing (* 26. Februar 1882 in Essen-Altenessen; † 31. Dezember 1961 in Berkeley, Kalifornien) war ein deutscher und später US-amerikanischer Sinologe, Mongolist und Kenner des Lamaismus. Er nahm 1930–1933 an der Chinesisch-Schwedischen Expedition von Sven Hedin teil und arbeitete dabei im Team mit Gösta Montell. Zusammen mit Wilhelm Othmer verfasste er ein seinerzeit populäres Lehrbuch des Chinesischen, den 1912 in Qingdao gedruckten "Lehrgang der nordchinesischen Umgangssprache" (siehe Lessing-Othmer-System), er ist auch der Verfasser eines Mongolisch-Englischen Wörterbuchs. Lessing lehrte in Berlin, emigrierte 1938 aus Deutschland und lehrte anschließend in Berkeley. Im Jahr 1946 nahm er die US-amerikanische Staatsbürgerschaft an.
Siehe auch

    Yonghe-Tempel

 DIEDRICH费迪南德·莱辛（埃森老的食物，†1961年12月31日在加州大学伯克利分校，1882年2月26日出生）是一个德国和后来的美国的汉学家，Mongolist和喇嘛教鉴赏家。他参加了中美一九三零年至1933年，瑞典探险家斯文赫定，并在那里工作了作为一个团队与约斯塔蒙特尔。随着威廉奥思默的，当时他写了一个流行的中文教科书，印刷于1​​912年在青岛“当然，在中国北方的俚语”（见莱辛奥思默系统），他也是一个蒙古族英语词典的作者。莱辛在柏林任教，于1938年从德国移民，然后在伯克利任教。 1946年，他花了美国公民身份。参见

    雍和宫

 Literatur

    Ferdinand Lessing: Mongolen, Hirten, Priester und Dämonen. Klinkhardt & Biermann Verlag Berlin 1935.
 费迪南德·莱辛蒙古人，牧师，神父与恶魔。 Klinkhardt比尔曼出版社，柏林，1935年。    Ferdinand Lessing/Wilhelm Othmer, Lehrgang der nordchinesischen Umgangssprache, Deutsch-Chinesische Druckerei und Verlagsanstalt Walter Schmidt, Tsingtau 1912.
 费迪南德·莱辛/威廉奥思默当然，中国北方俚语，德国和中国的印刷和出版家瓦尔特施密特在1912年，青岛。

     Gösta Montell: Ethnographische Forschung. In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen 1935, Gotha 1935, S. 294–295.
  约斯塔蒙特尔：民族志研究。在彼得的地理信息，1935年，哥达，1935年，第294-295页。

     Ferdinand Lessing und Gösta Montell: Yung-Ho-Kung, an Iconography of the Lamaist Cathedral in Peking: With Notes on Lamaist Mythology and Cult. In: Reports from Scientific Expedition to the North-western Provinces of China under the Leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The Sino-Swedish Expedition. Publ. 18. Part VIII. Ethnography. 1, Stockholm 1942.
   费迪南德·莱辛和蒙特尔约斯塔：永和成功，在喇嘛们的大教堂在北京意象：随着喇嘛教神话和崇拜的注意事项。 ：从科学考察报告斯文赫定博士的领导下，中国西北省份。中瑞的远征。公共区域18部分VIII人种。 1，1942年斯德哥尔摩。

     Helmut Martin und Christiane Hammer (Hrsg.): Chinawissenschaften - Deutschsprachige Entwicklungen. Geschichte, Personen, Perspektiven. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde Hamburg, Bd. 303. Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde 1999.
赫尔穆特·马丁和克里斯蒂安锤（主编）：中国科学 - 德国发展。历史上，人们的观点。发布在汉堡亚洲研究所，第303汉堡：在1999年亚洲研究学会。    Hartmut Walravens: Ferdinand Lessing (1882 - 1961) : Sinologe, Mongolist und Kenner des Lamaismus ; Material zu Leben und Werk ; mit dem Briefwechsel mit Sven Hedin. Wagener edition, 2. Auflage Melle 2006.
 哈特穆特瓦尔拉芬斯：费迪南德·莱辛（1882 - 1961）：的汉学家，Mongolist和喇嘛教鉴赏家;材料的生活和工作，一起交流与斯文赫定的信件。瓦格纳版，第2梅勒2006年版。    Hartmut Walravens: Ferdinand Lessing (1882-1961), ein Spezialist für China, die Mongolei und den Lamaismus. In: Das Reich der Mitte – in Mitte. Studien Berliner Sinologen. Herausgegeben von Florian C. Reiter. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2006. Seite 47-59. ISBN 978-3-447-05432-4
哈特穆特瓦尔拉芬斯：费迪南德·莱辛（1882-1961），在中国，蒙古和喇嘛教的专家。 ：古村 - 在中间。研究柏林的汉学家。编辑由弗洛里安C.瑞特。 ，年代，威斯巴登，2006。第47-59页。 ISBN 978-3-447-05432-4
Weblinks

    Literatur von und über Ferdinand Lessing im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
    Verlagsprospekt mit biographischen Angaben
    University of California: Ferdinand Diedrich Lessing, Oriental Languages: Berkeley
    SUB Göttingen
    德国国家图书馆的目录中的文学和费迪南德·莱辛
    履历信息出版商章程
    费迪南德·莱辛DIEDRICH，东方语言：伯克利加州大学：
    哥廷根