20世紀美國論 (2019年胡適紀念演講)
智慧人眾多，世界纔有救
University of Victoria 1963
Motto "יְהִי אוֹר" (Hebrew)
"multitudo sapientium sanitas orbis" (Latin)*
Motto in English
"Let there be light"
"A multitude of the wise is the health of the world"
* From the Vulgate, Wisdom of Solomon 6:24. Motto of the University of Victoria.
Motto "יְהִי אוֹר" (Hebrew)
"multitudo sapientium sanitas orbis" (Latin)*
Motto in English
"Let there be light"
"A multitude of the wise is the health of the world"
* From the Vulgate, Wisdom of Solomon 6:24. Motto of the University of Victoria.
“But the multitude of the wise is the welfare of the world: and a wise king is the upholding of the people.”
King James Version (KJV)
Wisdom of Solomon 6:24 Context
【思高本聖經 智慧】 6:24
26智慧人眾多，世界纔有救；君王明達，民生纔安定。
26智慧人眾多，世界纔有救；君王明達，民生纔安定。
做為胡適之先生的粉絲，我期許自己每年在他生日時，作篇關於他的關懷或大作的"接下來"講"小文，在漢清講堂上發表。
2019年的胡適紀念演講，就選擇" 20世紀的美國論"，因為這是他最擅長和關心的主題之一。
他生前，關於美國的資料和知識，不像現在科技發達，這樣容ㄈㄚ易取得、接達 (accessible)。然而，"美國論"這一主題，對於非專家的一般人，或許都是個大題目，資訊太多：譬如我們美天去紐約時報、CNN等大報的網站去，光是關於D. Trump總統的文章，就洋洋大觀。
開始時，我打算採取"文獻檢討" (特別是書籍)的方式，來談"20世紀美國論"。
胡適 《五十年來的美國》1953
https://hushihhc.blogspot.com/2019/10/1953.html
程天放(1899-1967)《美國論》1960 年再版等、讀程天放先生的《美國論》後記／胡適1960.4.16 完稿
https://hushihhc.blogspot.com/2019/11/1899-19671960-1960416.html
聲明： 正如英文可用Man 指男人或女人的一般人類 (如W. Edwards Deming的說法)；"馬克思"可指"馬克思與恩格斯" (如 Why Marx Was Right ByTerry Eagleton的聲明)，我們指的"20世紀"，也可指1880年~2019年，方便數據上的引用。
---
胡適：1953.1 台北
2019.11.5
一些香港抗議者把美國視為民主的象徵，並希望能將美國拉進他們的運動，讓川普政府向北京施壓。
但對華盛頓來說，抗議活動既是一個潛在的政策困境，又是對北京施加影響的潛在方式，同時也是將美國價值觀傳遞到世界其他地方的途徑。
美國人的更多介入，可能會給北京提供更多宣傳彈藥，把這場民主運動描繪成一場由外國勢力煽動起來的運動。
我想，現在Wikipedia 各國的介紹，都有其系統，應該從它出發。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country comprising 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.[i] At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2), the United States is the world's third or fourth largest country by total area[d] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe. With a population of over 327 million people, the U.S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City. Most of the country is located contiguously in North America between Canada and Mexico.
Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago.[20] European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783, leading to independence.[21] The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories,[22] displacing Native Americans, and gradually admitting new states until spanning the continent by 1848.[22] During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States.[23][24] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a global military power.
The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 U.S. Moon landing. The end of the Cold War and collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower.[25]
The United States is a federal republic and a representative democracy. It is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), NATO, and other international organizations. It is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP.[26] The United States is the world's largest importer and the second-largest exporter of goods, by value.[27][28] Its population is 4% of the world total,[29] but the U.S. holds 31% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country.[30]
Despite income and wealth disparities, the United States continues to rank very high in measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage, median income, median wealth, human development, per capita GDP, and worker productivity.[31][32] It is the foremost military power in the world, making up a third of global military spending,[33] and is a leading political, cultural, and scientific force internationally.[34]
Contents
- 1Etymology
- 2History
- 2.1Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history
- 2.2Effects on and interaction with native populations
- 2.3European settlements
- 2.4Independence and expansion (1776–1865)
- 2.5Civil War and Reconstruction era
- 2.6Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization
- 2.7World War I, Great Depression, and World War II
- 2.8Cold War and civil rights era
- 2.9Contemporary history
- 3Geography, climate, and environment
- 4Demographics
- 5Government and politics
- 6Law enforcement and crime
- 7Economy
- 8Infrastructure
- 9Culture
- 10See also
- 11Notes
- 12References
- 13Further reading
- 14External links
***
By examining millions of books and newspaper articles published since 1820, researchers found that wealth does bring happiness, but some other things bring more of it
2019年胡適紀念演講 (12月17日)：談 20世紀美國論：胡適、Guy Sorman、資中筠......
......剛才有一位提到美國有物資文明，沒有精神文明，有文明沒有文化。這個觀念，很值得我們想想，我以為這是一種錯誤思想。文明沒有離開文化的。什麼叫文明？什麼叫文化？文明是一個民族應付環境，改造環境，造成思想、語言、文學、信仰的一些制度。工具也是制度，制度也是工具，沒有一樣不是有物質為基礎的。我們中國古代對於這一點，已經講得很清楚，《易經·繫辭》：“見乃謂之象，形乃謂之器，製而用之謂之法，利用出入，民咸用之謂之神。”由觀念製成器具，如舟車以及所有人用的器具，都是起於象——一個觀念。我們文化倒楣，就是迷信我們是精神文明，人家是物質文明，看人家不起，實際上那裡是這回事呢！這種觀念不打破，沒有法子進步的。多年前我寫了一篇文章，《我們對於西洋近代文明的態度》（這篇文章收入《胡適文存》和《文選》內），就是希望大家打破精神文明、物質文明分野的觀念，法國柏格生說：“人是製器的動物。”什麼叫做精神？運用腦筋，並把他的聰明才智在物質上表現出來——造成器具，就是應付環境，改造環境，征服自然，控制自然，征服自然，為的是減少人的痛苦，增加人的幸福。在改造環境的過程中，其生活方式，叫做文化，文化是物質同精神的總稱，物質與精神是不可分的。念經拜佛，是下等文化。為什麼念經拜佛呢？不能用聰明才智改造環境，征服自然，控制自然。被物質壓在底下爬不起來，只可念著：“阿彌陀佛、阿彌陀佛”。凡是能利用聰明才智揭發自然的秘密，征服自然，控制自然，改造自然，用物質表現出來——作成工具，解除人類的痛苦，增進人類質與量的生活的，才是道地的精神文明。以蘇俄來說，共產黨控制了廣大的土地，豐富的資源和兩億的人民，但蘇俄人民沒有享受，沒有自由，失去了生活的意義。蘇俄共產黨雖擁有原子彈，這不是文明，而是野蠻
~~胡適 《五十年來的美國》1953
President’s Volatile Approach to Economy Raises Alarms
Mr. Trump’s pronouncements on Friday renewed questions about his stewardship of the world’s largest economy, our correspondent writes in an analysis.
看來中南海內部分歧很大，中南海對美，對港，對台政策都很亂，所以給美國的信息反復無常，碰上川普也是個反復無常的人，雙方完全沒有互信了。
Trump to Raise Tariffs Even More, After Telling Companies to Leave China
- President Trump, angered by Beijing’s decision to retaliate against his next round of tariffs, said he would increase taxes on all Chinese goods.
- Mr. Trump’s announcement came after he demanded that American firms look for an alternative to doing business with China
2019.8.24
面子與了解，'恐怖的中共-美國關係："內政"、外交
China is taking a hard line against foreign companies that displease it. Hong Kong's flagship airline is its latest victim
Trump raised tariffs on Chinese imports worth $300 billion in response to a new tax hike by China.
The move sent the stock markets into a tailspin.
在中國宣布對美國750億美元商品加征關稅之後，美國總統特朗普8月23日呼籲美國公司關閉其在華業務。路透社表示，華盛頓實際上不能強迫在華的美國企業離開中國，特朗普在聲明中也沒有詳細說明如何執行他的決策。特朗普還在推文中寫道：了不起的美國企業要開始設想替代辦法，包括把企業轉回美國，在美國本土製造其產品。特朗普還表示，坦率地說，我們不需要中國，沒有它我們會更好。特朗普說，我今天下午(23日)會回應中國的關稅措施。另據最新消息，美國總統特朗普宣布，10月1日起，2500億美元中國輸美商品的稅收從此前的25%升至30％。另外，從9月1日起，3000億美元的中國輸美商品稅率將為15％，而不是10％。
【回應中國加稅】特朗普宣佈將進一步提高對華關稅
美國總統特朗普表示，他將進一步上調針對中國輸美商品的關稅，以回應中國當天早些時候宣佈的關稅反制計畫。這進一步加深了兩國貿易政策上的僵局。
特朗普週五在美國市場收盤後連發數條推文稱，已經生效的針對2500億美元中國商品的關稅，將從10月1日起從25％上調至30％。他還表示，剩餘3000億美元中國商品將從9月1日開始面臨15％的關稅，而不是10％。就在週五早些時候，中國威脅將對包括大豆，汽車和石油在內的750億美元美國商品加徵關稅。
https://bit.ly/2TXv1Gx
https://bit.ly/2TXv1Gx
Private prisons have indeed profited from America’s obsession with incarceration, but they did not cause it
"As warning signs of an economic slowdown bubble up at home, President Donald Trump has amped up his trade war with China. And he's using a ... unique ... way to do so," writes CNN's Chris Cillizza | Analysis
As students fear for their job prospects, they — and their parents — want a degree that leads to a steady paycheck after graduation.
參考書 (部分)
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