tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66521220760749254182024-03-13T03:05:32.385-07:00Hu Shih 胡適之先生 的世界 The World of Dr. Hu Shih人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.comBlogger2593125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-67058933888271132902024-03-11T22:13:00.000-07:002024-03-11T22:13:12.821-07:00胡適〈說儒〉(1934,待校);尤小立《胡適之〈說儒〉內外》2018。狩野直喜 (1868年—1947年)對 "儒"的看法,參考 《支那學文藪》(1973年)<div><br /></div><div><div class="vector-body-before-content" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 0.875rem; margin-top: 8px;">維基百科,自由的百科全書</div></div><div dir="ltr" id="contentSub" lang="zh-Hant-TW" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div dir="ltr" id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="zh-Hant-TW"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content" id="mw-content-text" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.938rem; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" lang="zh-Hant-TW"><figure style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kano_Naoki.jpg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="442" data-file-width="302" decoding="async" height="293" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kano_Naoki.jpg/200px-Kano_Naoki.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kano_Naoki.jpg/300px-Kano_Naoki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Kano_Naoki.jpg 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; font-size: 13.2671px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;">狩野直喜</figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><b>狩野直喜</b>(日語:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">狩野 直喜</span></span><small style="font-size: 0.857em;">/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">かの なおき</span></span><sup style="line-height: 1;"> <i><span class="Unicode" lang="ja-Latn" title="羅馬字表記">Kano Naoki</span></i></sup>,<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%AD%97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="表字">字</a><b>子溫</b>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9F" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="號">號</a><b>君山</b>,1868年2月11日—1947年12月13日),<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="日本">日本</a>漢學家,歷史學者,「京都支那學」的開創者,是日本近代的大儒。</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="生平">生平</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="編輯章節:生平">編輯</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">狩野直喜畢業於<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="東京帝國大學">東京帝國大學</a>文學部漢學科。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">1900年,狩野直喜來<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="清朝">清朝</a>留學,碰上了<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="義和團">義和團</a>,遭遇困境2個月後回國。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">1906年到1928年,狩野直喜在<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="京都帝國大學">京都帝國大學</a>主持「<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="中國哲學">中國哲學</a>講座」長達22年之久。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">1911年,狩野直喜開始追蹤<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="敦煌文獻">敦煌文獻</a>,訪察<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="英國">英國</a>、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="法國">法國</a>、<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="俄國">俄國</a>、<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="美國">美國</a>,並來中國尋訪,與中國學者<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="王國維">王國維</a>建立了深厚的友誼。</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;">1925年,獲任命為<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB%E9%99%A2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="帝國學士院">帝國學士院</a>會員。</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".E5.AD.A6.E6.9C.AF.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="学术思想">學術思想</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="編輯章節:學術思想">編輯</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">嚴密的考證的方法。以弘揚<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="清朝">清朝</a><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%83%E8%AF%81%E5%AD%A6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="考證學">考證學</a>的方法為己任,同時很早就接受<a class="mw-disambig" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="西方">西方</a>的<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="實證主義">實證主義</a>思想。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">他的中國研究涉及的範圍從上古到清代,領域從哲學到<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="法律">法律</a>到<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%A6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="西學">西學</a>,熟稔<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="英語">英語</a>和<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="法語">法語</a>。對<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="中國哲學">中國哲學</a>的研究繼承了<a class="new" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%9B%E7%94%B0%E7%AF%81%E6%9D%91&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="島田篁村(頁面不存在)">島田篁村</a>合註疏、義理、考證三者為一的學問精神,而反對僅憑某種純粹的理論來解釋中國的學問。<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">經學的立場。狩野所涉獵的領域雖然十分廣泛,但是經學的立場非常明確,認為<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E6%9B%B2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="戲曲">戲曲</a>、<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="戲劇">戲劇</a>不屬於經學。<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">思想上歸宗於<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AD%A6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="儒學">儒學</a>。<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="王國維">王國維</a>稱他為一代「儒宗」。<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wangguowei_3-0" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_note-wangguowei-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[註 1]</a></sup></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">反對霸道,主張德治,綜述<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="孔子">孔子</a>之教。<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="作品">作品</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="編輯章節:作品">編輯</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="中國哲學史">中國哲學史</a>》(築摩書房,1953年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%B1%89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="兩漢">兩漢</a>學術考》(築摩書房,1964年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="魏晉">魏晉</a>學術考》(築摩書房,1968年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E9%82%A3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="支那">支那</a>文學史》(1970年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《支那學文藪》(1973年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%AD" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="論語">論語</a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="孟子">孟子</a>研究》(1977年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《<a class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="漢文">漢文</a>研究法》(1979年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《讀書纂餘》(1980年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《御進講録》(1984年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《支那<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="小說">小説</a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%8F%E6%9B%B2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="戲曲">戲曲</a>史》(1992年)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">《<a class="mw-disambig" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="春秋">春秋</a>研究》(1994年)</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".E8.AF.84.E4.BB.B7"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="评价">評價</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="編輯章節:評價">編輯</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0.5em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="清朝">清朝</a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="王國維">王國維</a>稱狩野直喜是:「當代儒宗」。<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wangguowei_3-1" style="line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_note-wangguowei-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="">[註 1]</a></sup></span></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".E8.84.9A.E6.B3.A8"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="脚注">腳註</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="編輯章節:腳註">編輯</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="references-small"><div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 13.5072px; list-style-image: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-wangguowei-3" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_ref-wangguowei_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">移至:</span><sup style="line-height: 1;"><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_ref-wangguowei_3-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1;"><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="清朝">清朝</a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="王國維">王國維</a>《<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%A0%82%E9%9B%86%E6%9E%97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="觀堂集林">觀堂集林</a>》卷二十四《送日本狩野博士游歐洲》:「君山博士(狩野直喜,號君山)今儒宗,亭亭崛起<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B5%B7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="東海">東海</a>東……」</span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="参考资料">參考資料</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="編輯章節:參考資料">編輯</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 13.5072px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="移至" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="移至">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: normal;">狩野直喜. 《中国哲学史》. 岩波書店. 1953: 4 <span style="bottom: 0.1em; color: #555555; cursor: default; font-size: 0.8em; font-weight: bold;" title="連接到中文(簡體)網頁">(中文(簡體))</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&rft.au=%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=%E5%B2%A9%E6%B3%A2%E4%B9%A6%E5%BA%97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="移至" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="移至">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: normal;">倉石武四郎和吉川幸次郎的談話. 《先学を語る――狩野直喜博士》. 《東方學》. 1971: 142–145.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&rft.au=%E4%BB%93%E7%9F%B3%E6%AD%A6%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%8E%E5%92%8C%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E5%B9%B8%E6%AC%A1%E9%83%8E%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%88%E8%AF%9D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%85%88%E5%AD%A6%E3%82%92%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%8B%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=142-145&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="移至" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="移至">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: normal;">田岡領雲. 《和译汉文丛书》. 玄黃社. 1911.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&rft.au=%E7%94%B0%E5%86%88%E9%A2%86%E4%BA%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%91%E6%B1%89%E6%96%87%E4%B8%9B%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E7%8E%84%E9%BB%84%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="移至" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="移至">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" style="font-style: normal;">《近代日本的孔子观》. 台灣: 《孔孟月刊》. 2000: 第39卷第3期.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90%E8%A7%82%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC39%E5%8D%B7%E7%AC%AC3%E6%9C%9F&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%9F%E6%9C%88%E5%88%8A%E3%80%8B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"></span></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 0.25em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="參見">參見</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E9%87%8E%E7%9B%B4%E5%96%9C&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;" title="編輯章節:參見">編輯</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="清國行政法">清國行政法</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>----<br />
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唐德剛認為胡適〈說儒〉(1934) 是中國三十年代史學論文之最:參見胡適《胡適口述自傳》唐德剛譯註,台北:傳記文學出版社,1981,頁278</span><br /> <br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wxs8EN2Sr2g/X1b0G7-FkuI/AAAAAAAATI4/5wAaM-j-d6ceRlSRugIubhcZxhKQsKKnQCNcBGAsYHQ/s16000/img923.jpg" /></a><br />
本blog 收入胡適引用的大著之作者在胡適之先生當大使時的拜訪記。他說因為對《聖經 舊約》很熟,所以有此"靈感"。<br />
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胡適<b>〈說儒〉</b>1934 。約近萬字,如附,從雲台書屋轉貼 (錯誤多),<b>有空慢慢看、改</b>。<br />
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尤小立《<b>胡適之〈說儒〉內外</b>》( 學術史和思想史的研究),北京大學出版社,2018,約66.5萬字。就是將胡適〈說儒〉發表至今,"所有"相關的文章(包括中國鬥壺是思想的)都按序拿來討論。<br />
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自序 <br />
這裡收集的一些文字大都是最近五年內隨時寫的,其中偶有三四篇是五年前寫 的。這些文字差不多全是在各種刊物上發表過的。沒有發表過的只有這幾篇:《四 十二章經考》和附錄三件,《論六經不夠作領袖人才的來源》,《論(春秋)—— 答錢玄同》 , 《論(詩經)——答劉大白》,《明成祖御制(佛曲)殘本跋》, 《參同契的年代》<br />
這一集本是《胡適文存》第四集的一部分。因為有許多討論政治的文字——尤 其是我這三四年來討論國際政治的文字,——在這個時候不便收集印行,所以我把 其中關於學術思想的一部分抽出來,編成這一集《論學近著》。<br />
這一集分五卷。第一卷只有三篇文字:<b>《說儒》將提出中國古代學術文化史的 一個新鮮的看法,我自信這個看法,將來大概可以漸漸得著史學家的承認。雖然眼 前還有不少懷疑的評論。</b>此外兩篇都是討論治學方法的:《老子》年代一篇是考證 學的方法論;校勘學一篇是校勘學的方法論。只有《真誥考》一篇是關於道教史料的,因 為《真治》牽涉到《四十二章經》,所以我把這一篇也收在這裡。第三卷全是整理 小說史料的文字。《西遊記的第八十一難》是一篇遊戲之作,收在第三卷裡作個附錄。<br />
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第四卷是我近年對於國內幾個重要的思想問題發表的文字。青年的讀者若嫌這 一集的考據文字太沉悶了,他們最好是先讀這一卷。這一卷的文字最容易讀;並且 這裡提出的一些思想問題,也都是值得大家平心靜氣的想想的。<br />
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第五卷是一些雜文,只可算是全集的一個附錄。<br />
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五年之中,只有這一點講學成績,我自己很感覺慚愧。如果這幾十篇文字可以 引起國內外學者的討論和批評,那是我最歡迎的。<br />
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二十四·十·二十九日<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">說儒</span></b><br />
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一、問題的提出。<br />
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二、論儒是殷民族的教士;他們的衣服是殷服,他們的宗教是殷禮,他們的人 生觀是亡國遺民的柔遜的人生觀。<br />
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三、論儒的生活:他們的治喪相禮的職業。<br />
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四、論殷商民族亡國後有一個「五百年必有王者興」的預言;孔子在當時被人 認為應運而生的聖者。<br />
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五、論孔子的大貢獻:(-)把殷商民族的部落性的儒擴大到「仁以為己任」 的儒;(二)把柔儒的儒改變到剛毅進取的儒。<br />
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六、論孔子與老子的關係;論老子是正宗的儒。附論儒與墨者的關係。<br />
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<b>一</b><br />
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二十多年前,章太炎先生作《國故論衡》,有《原儒》一篇,說「儒」有廣狹 不同的三種說法:<br />
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
儒有三科,關「達」、「類」、「私」之名:(《墨子·經上》篇說名有三種: 達,類,私。如「物」是達名,「馬」是類名,「舜」是私名。)<br />
達名為儒。儒者,術士也(《說文》)。太史公《儒林列傳》曰,「泰之季世 坑術」,而世謂之坑儒。司馬相如言「列仙之儒居山澤間,形容甚髒」(《漢書 ·司馬相如傳》語。《史記》儒作傳,誤)。……王充《儒增》、《道虛》、《談 天》、《說日》、《是應》,舉「儒書」,所稱者有魯般刻房,由基中楊,李廣射 寢石夫沒羽,……黃帝騎龍,淮南王犬吠天上雞鳴雲中,日中有三足烏,月中有兔蟾蜍。是諸名 籍道、墨、刑法、陰陽、神仙之倫,旁有雜家所記,列傳所錄,一謂之儒,明其皆 公族。「儒」之名蓋出於「需」,需者雲上於天,而儒亦知天文,識旱潦。何以明 之? 鳥知天將雨者日鵡(《說文》 ),舞旱股者以為衣冠。鵡冠者亦曰術氏冠( 《漢·五行志》注引《禮圖》),又田園冠。莊周言儒者冠國冠者知天時,履句屢 者知地形,緩佩塊者事至而斷。(《田子方篇》文。《五行志》注引《逸周書》文 同。《莊子》圖字作鵬。《續漢書·與服志》云:「戴冠前國。」)明靈星舞於吁 嗟以求雨者謂之儒。……古之儒知天文占候,謂其多投,故號偏施於九能,諸有術 者悉賅之矣。<br />
類名為儒。儒者知禮樂射御書數。任官》曰,「儒以道得民。」說日,「儒, 諸侯保氏有六藝以教民者。」《地官》曰,「聯師儒。」說曰,「師儒,鄉里教以 道藝者。」此則躬備德行為師,效其材藝為儒。·<br />
私名為儒。《七略》曰,「儒家者流,蓋出於司徒之官,助人君順陰陽明教化 者也。游文於六經之中,留意於仁義之際,祖述堯舜,憲章文武,宗師什尼,以重 其言,於道為最高。」周之衰,保民失其守,史籍之書,商高之算,多門之射,范 氏之御,皆不自儒者傳。政孔子……咱詭鄙事,言君子不多能,為當世名士顯人隱 諱。則懦行》稱十五儒,《七略》疏晏子以下五十二家,皆粗明德行政教之趣而已, 未及六藝也。其科於們官》為師,儒絕而師假攝其名。……<br />
今獨以傳經為懦,以私名則異,以達名類名則偏。要之題號由古今異,儒猶道 矣。懦之名於古通為術士,於今專為師氏之守。道之名於古通為德行道藝,於今專 為老聃之徒。</blockquote>
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太炎先生這篇文章在當時真有開山之功,因為他是第一個人提出「題號由古今異」的一個歷史見解,使我們明白古人用這個名詞有廣狹不同的三種說法。太炎先 生的大貢獻在於使我們知道「儒』字的意義經過了一種歷史的變化,從一個廣義的, 包括一切方術之士的「儒」,後來竟縮小到那「祖述堯舜,憲章文武,宗師仲尼」 的狹義的「儒」。這雖是太炎先生的創說,在大體上是完全可以成立的。《論語》 記孔子對他的弟子說:<br />
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女為君子儒,毋為小人儒。</blockquote>
這可見當孔子的時候,「儒」的流品是很雜的,有君子的儒,也有小人的儒。 向來的人多蔽於成見,不能推想這句話的涵義。若依章太炎的說法,當孔子以前已 有那些廣義的儒,這句話就很明白了。<br />
但太炎先生的說法,現在看來,也還有可以修正補充之處。他的最大弱點在於 那「類名」的儒(其實那術士通稱的「儒」才是類名)。他在那最廣義的儒之下, 另立一類「六藝之人」的儒。此說的根據只有《周禮》的兩條鄭玄注。無論《周禮》 是否可信,《周禮》本文只是一句「儒以道得民」和一句「聯師儒」,這裡並沒有 儒字的定義。鄭玄注裡說儒是「有六藝以教民者」,這只是一個東漢晚年的學者的 說法,我們不能因此就相信古代(周初)真有那專習六藝的儒。何況《周禮》本身 就很可疑呢?<br />
太炎先生說「儒之名於古通為術土」,此說目無可疑。但他所引證都是秦漢的 材料,還不曾說明這個廣義的儒究竟起於什麼時代,他們的來歷是什麼,他們的生 活是怎樣的,他們同那狹義的孔門的儒有何歷史的關係,他們同春秋戰國之間的許 多思想潮流又有何歷史的關係。在這些問題上,我們不免都感覺不滿足。<br />
若如太炎先生的說法,廣義的儒變到狹義的儒,只是因為「周之衰,保氏失其 守」,故書算射御都不從儒者傳授出來,而孔子也只好「自詭鄙事,言君子不多能, 為當世名上顯人隱諱」。這種說法,很難使我們滿意。如果《周禮》本不可信,如 果「保氏」之官本來就是一種烏托邦的制度,這種歷史的解釋就完全站不住了。<br />
太炎先生又有《原道》三篇,其上篇之未有注語云:<br />
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儒家、法家皆出於道,道則非出於儒也。</blockquote>
若依此說,儒家不過是道家的一個分派,那麼,「儒」還夠不上一個「類名」, 更夠不上「達名」了。老說這裡的「儒」只是那狹義的私名的儒,那麼,那個做儒 法的共同源頭的「道」和那最廣義的「儒」可有什麼歷史關係沒有呢?太炎先生說, 「儒法者流削小老氏以為省」(原道上》),他的證據只有一句話:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
孔父受業於征藏史,韓非傳其書。(《原道上》)</blockquote>
姑且假定這個淵源可信,我們也還要問:那位征藏史(老路)同那廣義的「儒」 又有什麼歷史關係沒有呢?<br />
為要補充引申章先生的說法,我現今提出這篇嘗試的研究。<br />
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<b>二</b><br />
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「儒」的名稱,最初見於《論語民子說的<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
女為君子儒,毋為小人儒。</blockquote>
我在上文已說過,這句話使我們明白當孔子時已有很多的儒,有君子,有小人, 流品已很雜了。我們要研究這些儒是什麼樣的人。<br />
我們先看看「儒」字的古義。《說文》:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
儒,柔也,術士之稱。從人,需聲。</blockquote>
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術上是有方術的人;但為什麼「儒」字有「柔」的意義呢?「需」字古與「奧」 相通; 《廣雅·釋治》 :「奧,弱也。」耍即是今「車而大」字,也寫作「軟」字。 「需」字也有柔軟之意;《考工記》:「革,欲其荼白而疾澣之,則堅;欲其柔滑而腛脂之,則需。」鄭注云:「故書,需作 。鄭司農芸,儒讀為柔需之需,謂厚 脂之韋革柔需。」』《考工記》又云:「厚其錯則木堅,薄其銀則需。」此兩處, 「需」 皆與「堅」 對舉,需即是柔類之要。柔軟之需,引伸又有遲緩儒滯之意。 《周易·家傳》:「需,須也。」《雜卦傳》:「需,不過也。」《周易》「澤上 於天」(三三)為失,而「雲上於天」(王三)為需;央是已下雨了,故為決斷之 象,而需是密雲未雨,故為遲待疑滯之象。《左傳》哀六年:「需,事之下也。」 又哀十四年:「需,事之賊也。」<br />
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凡從需之字,大都有柔弱或儒滯之義。「懦,弱也。」「孺,乳子也。」「懦, 駕弱者也。」(皆見《說文人人孟子賺「是何德滯也」。凡從要之字,皆有弱義。 「唾,弱也』*說文》);段玉裁說頓即是儒字。稻之軟而粘者為「涵」,即今糯 米的的糯字。《廣雅·釋估》:「須,弱也。」大概古時「需」與「耍」是同一個 字,古青同讀如灣,或如糯。朱駿聲把從奧之字歸入「乾」韻,從「需」之字歸入 「需」韻,似是後起的區別。<br />
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「儒」字從需而訓柔,似非無故。《墨於?·公孟》篇說:<br />
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公孟子戴章甫,借忽,懦服而以見於墨子。<br />
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又說:「公孟子曰,君子必古言服,然後仁。<br />
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?又忙F儒》將說:<br />
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儒者四,君子必古言服,然後仁。<br />
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《苟子·儒效》篇說:<br />
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逢衣成帶(《韓詩外傳》作「博帶」),解果其冠,……是俗儒者也。<br />
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大概最古的儒,有特別的衣冠,其制度出於古代(說詳下),而其形式——逢 農,傅帶,高冠,授編——表出一種文弱迂緩的神氣,故有「儒」之名。<br />
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所以「儒」的第一義是一種穿戴古衣冠,外貌表示文弱迂緩的人。<br />
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從古書所記的儒的衣冠上,我們又可以推測到儒的歷史的來歷。《墨子》書中 說當時的「儒」自稱他們的衣冠為「古服」。周時所謂「古」,當然是指那被征服 的殷朝了。試以「章甫之冠」證之。《士冠禮記》云:<br />
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章甫,殷道也。<br />
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《禮記儒行》篇記孔子對魯哀公說:<br />
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立少居魯,衣逢掖之衣;長居宋,冠章甫之冠。丘聞之也:君子之學也博,其 服也鄉。丘不知懦服。<br />
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孔子的祖先是家人,是殷王室的後裔,所以他臨死時還自稱為「殷人」(則檀 引)。他生在魯國,生於殷人的家庭,長大時還回到他的故國去住過一個時期(位 記阿L子世家》 不記他早年居宋的事。但《儒行》篇所說無作偽之動機,似可信人 他是有歷史眼光的人,他懂得當時所謂「儒服」其實不過是他的民族和他的故國的 服制。儒服只是殷服,所以他只承認那是他的「鄉」服,而不是什麼特別的儒服。<br />
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從儒服是殷服的線索上,我們可以大膽的推想:最初的儒都是殷人,都是殷的 遺民,他們穿戴股的古衣冠,習行殷的古禮。這是儒的第二個古義。<br />
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我們必須明白,殷商的文化的中心雖在今之河南,——周之宋衛(衛即殷字, 古讀殷如衣,挪韋古音皆如衣,即殷字)——而東部的齊魯皆是殷文化所被,殷民 族所居。《左傳》以晏子春秋》外篇同)昭公二十年,晏嬰對齊侯說:「昔爽鳩氏 始居此地,季激因之,有逢伯陵因之,蒲姑氏因之。而後太公因之。」依《漢書· 地理志》及杜預《左傳注》,有逢伯陵是殷初諸侯,蒲姑氏(椒書》作薄姑氏)是 殷周之間的諸侯。魯也是殷人舊地。《左傳》昭公九年,周王使詹桓伯辭於晉日: 「……及武王克商,蒲姑、商奄,吾東土也。」孔穎達《正義》引服虔回:「蒲姑, 齊也;商奄,魯也。」又定公四年,衛候使祝怕私於芙弘日:「……著武王克商, 成王定之。……分魯公以大路大旗,夏後氏之滿,封父之繁弱(大弓名),殷民六 族——條氏,徐氏,蕭氏,索氏,長勺氏,尾勺氏,——使帥其宗氏,輯其分族, 將其類丑(丑,眾也),以法則用公,用即命於周;是使之職事於魯,以昭周公之 明德;分之士田陪敦,祝宗卜史,備物典策,官司彝器,因商奄之民,命以伯食, 而封於少輜之應。」這可見魯的地是商奄舊地,而又有新徙來的殷民六族。所以魯 有許多殷人遺俗,如「毫社」之把,屢見於《春秋》。傅斯年先生前幾年作《周東 封與殷遺民》(附錄)一文,證明魯「為殷遺民之國」。他說:<br />
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按秋陽《左傳賄所謂「毫社」者,是一件很重要的事。「毫社」屢見於格秋經》。 以那樣一個簡略的二百四十年間之「斷爛朝報」,所記皆是戎機會盟之大事,而是 社獨佔一位置,則是社在普之重要可知。且《春秋》記「毫社(松羊階蒲社)災」 在哀公四年,去殷商之亡已六百餘年(姑據犧鑒外紀》),…·,·是社猶有作用, 是甚可注意之事實。且《左傳》所記是社,有兩事尤關重要。哀七年,「以鬍子益 來,獻於是社。」……、鄭於般為東夷,此等獻俘,當與宋襄公「用部子於次難之 社,欲以屬東夷」一樣,周人館殷鬼而已。又定六年,「陽虎又盟公及三桓於周社, 盟國人於是社。」這真清清楚楚指示我們:普之統治者是周人,而魯之國民是殷人。 殷亡六七百年後之情形尚如此!<br />
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傅先生此論,我認為是最有見地的論斷。<br />
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從周初到春秋時代,都是殷文化與周文化對峙而沒有完全同化的時代。最初是 殷民族仇視那新平定殷朝的西來民族,所以有武庚的事件,在那事件之中,東部的 薄姑與商奄都加入合作。《漢書·地理志》說:<br />
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齊地,……湯時有逢公柏陵,殷末有薄姑氏,皆為諸侯,國此地。至周成王時, 蒲姑氏與四國共作亂,成王滅之,以封師尚父,是為太公。以史記·周本細也說: 「東代淮夷,踐奄,遷其君薄姑。」《書序》云:「成王既踐奄,將遷其君於薄姑。 周公告召公,作『將蒲姑』。」但皆無滅蒲姑以封太公的事。)<br />
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《史記》的《周本紀》與《齊太公世家》都說太公封於齊是武王時的事,《漢 書》 明白的拋棄那種舊說, 另說太公封齊是在成王時四國亂平之後。現在看來, 《漢書》所說,似近於事實。不但太公封齊在四國亂後;伯禽封管也應該在周公東 征四國之後。「四國」之說,向來不一致:《詩毛傳》以管,蔡,商,奄為四國; 孔穎達《左傳正義》說杜注的「四國」為管,蔡,祿父(武庚),商奄。《尚書· 多方》開端即云:<br />
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惟五月丁亥,王來自奄,至於宗周。周公日:「王若曰:歐告爾四國多方:惟 爾殷候尹民,……」<br />
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此時武庚、管、蔡已滅,然而還用「四國」之名,可見管、蔡。武庚不在「四 國」 之內。「四國」似是指東方的四個殷;B部,其一為殷本部,其二為商奄(奄 有大義,「商奄」猶言「大商」,猶如說「大羅馬」「大希臘」),其三為薄姑, 其四不能確定,也許即是「徐萬」。此皆殷文化所被之地。薄姑滅,始有齊國;商 奄滅,始有魯國。而殷本部分為二:其一為宋,承殷之後,為殷文化的直接繼承者; 其一為衛,封給康叔,是新朝用來監視那殘存的宋國的。此外周公還在洛建立了一 個成周重鎮。<br />
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我們現在讀《大浩民多土》《多方風康法鳳酒潔》《費誓》等篇,我們不能不 感覺到當時的最大問題是鎮撫殷民的問題。在今文《尚書》二十九篇中,這個問題 要占三分之一的篇幅(《書序》百篇之中,有《將蒲姑》,又有《亮姑》)。其問 題之嚴重,可以想見,看現在的零碎材料,我們可以看出兩個步驟:第一步是倒殷 之後,還立武庚,又承認東部之段舊國。第二步是武庚四國叛亂之後,周室的領袖 決心用武力東征,滅殷四國,建立了太公的齊國,周公的魯國。同時又在殷虛建立 了衛國,在洛建立了新洛邑。然而周室終不能不保留一個宋國,大概還是承認那個 殷民問題的嚴重性,所以不能不在周室宗親(衛與魯)(齊)的包圍監視之下保存 一個殷民族文化的故國。<br />
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所以在周初幾百年之間,東部中國的社會形勢是~個周民族成了統治階級,鎮 壓著一個下層被征服被統治的殷民族。博斯年先生說「魯之統治者是周人,而魯之 國民是殷人」(引見上文)。這個論斷可以適用於東土全部。這形勢頗像後世東胡 民族征服了中國,也頗像北歐的民族征服了羅馬帝國。以文化論,那新起的周民族 自然比不上那東方文化久遠的殷民族,所以周室的領袖在那開國的時候也不能不尊 重那殷商文化。《康浩》最能表示這個態度:<br />
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王日,嗚呼,封,汝念哉……往敷求予殷先哲王,用保又民。汝丕遠惟商守成 人,宅心知訓。……<br />
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同時為政治上謀安定,也不能不隨順著當地人民的文化習慣。《康法》說:<br />
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汝際時桌司,師茲殷罰有倫。……<br />
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汝際時來事,罰蔽殷彝,用其義刑義殺。……<br />
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此可證《左傳》定公四年祝論說的話是合於歷史事實的。祝論說成王分封魯與 衛,「皆後以商政,疆以周索」;而他封唐叔於夏虛,則「啟以夏政,疆以戎索」。 (杜註:「皆,魯衛也。啟,開也。居殷故地,因其風俗,開用其政。疆理土地以 周法。索,法也」。)但統治者終是統治者,他們自有他們的文化習慣,不屑模仿 那被征服的民族的文化。況且新興的民族看見那老民族的滅亡往往由於文化上有某 種不適於生存的壞習慣,所以他們往往看不起征服民族的風俗。《酒浩》一篇便是 好例:<br />
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王曰,封,我西土……尚克用文王教,不腆於酒,故我至於今,克受殷之命。<br />
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這是明白的自誇西土民族的勝利是因為沒有墮落的習慣。再看他說:<br />
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古人有言日:「人無於水監,當於民監。」今惟殷墜厥命,我其可不太監撫於 時。<br />
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這就是說:我們不要學那亡國民族的壞榜樣!但是可注意的是《酒浩》的末段 對於周的官吏,有犯酒禁的,須用嚴刑:<br />
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汝勿佚,盡執構以歸於周,予其殺。<br />
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但殷之舊人可以不必如此嚴厲辦理:<br />
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又惟殷之迪諸臣惟工,乃泊於酒,勿庸殺之,姑惟教之。<br />
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在這處罰的歧異裡,我們可以窺見那統治民族一面輕視又一面放任那被征服民 族的心理。<br />
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但股民族在東土有了好幾百年的歷史,人數是很多的;雖沒有政治勢力,他們 的文化的潛勢力是不可侮視的。孔子說過:<br />
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周因於殷禮,所損益可知也。<br />
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這是幾百年後一個有歷史眼光的人的估計,可見周朝的統治者雖有「所損益」, 大體上也還是因襲了殷商的制度文物。這就是說,「落戎殷」之後,幾百年之中, 殷商民族文化終久逐漸征服了那人數較少的西土民族。<br />
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殷周兩民族的逐漸同化,其中自然有自覺的方式,也有不自覺的方式。不自覺 的同化是兩種民族文化長期接觸的自然結果,一切民族都難逃免,我們不用說他。 那自覺的同化,依我們看來,與「儒」的一個階級或職業很有重大的關係。<br />
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在那個天翻地覆的亡國大變之後,昔日的統治階級淪落作了俘虜,作了奴隸, 作了受治的平民,往傳》裡祝倫說:<br />
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分魯公以……殷民六族——條氏,徐氏,蕭氏,索氏,長勺氏,尾勺氏,—— 使帥其宗氏,輯其分族,將其類丑,以法則周公,用即命於周;是使之職事於魯, 以昭周公之明德。分之土田陪敦,祝宗卜交,備物典策,官司彝器。……分康叔以 ……殷民七族——陶氏,施氏,繁民,鑄氏,樊氏,饑氏,終葵氏。<br />
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這是殷商亡國時的慘狀的追述,這十幾族都有宗氏,都有分族類丑,自然是勝 國的貴族了;如今他們都被分給那些新諸侯去「職事』守魯衛,——這就是去做臣 僕。那些分封的彝器是戰勝者的俘獲品,那些「祝宗卜史」是亡國的俘虜。那戰勝 的統治者吩咐他們道:<br />
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多士,昔朕來自奄,予大降爾四國民命。我乃明至天罰,移爾通論,比事臣我 宗,多遜卜……今予惟不爾殺,……亦惟爾多士攸服奔走臣我多遜,爾乃尚有爾土, 爾乃尚寧千止。爾克敬,天惟並矜爾。爾不克敬,爾不啻不有爾上,予亦至天之罰 於爾躬!(《多士》;參看《多方》。)<br />
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這是何等嚴厲的告誡奴隸的訓詞!這種奴隸的生活是可以想見的了。<br />
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但我們知道,希臘的知識分子做了羅馬戰勝者的奴隸,往往從奴隸裡爬出來做 他們的主人的書記或家庭教師。北歐的野蠻民族打倒了羅馬帝國之後,終於被羅馬 大主教的長袍教土征服了,倒過來做了他們的徒弟。殷商的知識分子,——王朝的 貞人,太祝,太史,以及貴族的多士,——在那新得政的西周民族之下,過的生活 雖然是慘痛的奴虜生活,然而有一件事是段民族的團結力的中。乙,也就是他們後 來終久征服那戰勝者的武器,——那就是殷人的宗教。<br />
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我們看殷墟(安陽)出土的遺物與文字可以明白段人的文化是一種宗教的文化。 這個宗教根本上是一種祖先教。祖先的祭祖在他們的宗教裡佔一個很重要的地位。 喪禮也是一個重要部分(詳下)。此外,他們似乎極端相信占卜:大事小事都用卜 來決定。如果《鴻範》是一部可信的書,那麼,占卜之法到了殷商的末期已起了大 改變,用龜卜和用獸骨卜之法之外,還有用警草的覆法,與卜並用。<br />
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這種宗教需用一批有特別訓練的人。卜覽需用「卜蹈人」;祭祀需用祝官;喪 禮需用相禮的專家。在殷商盛時,祝宗卜史自有專家。亡國之後,這些有專門知識 的人往往淪為奴虜,或散在民間。因為他們是有專門的知識技能的,故往往能靠他 們的專長換得衣食之資。他們在殷人社會裡,仍舊受人民的崇敬;而統治的階級, 為了要安定民眾,也許還為了他們自己也需要這種有知識技能的人,所以只須那些 「多士攸服奔走臣我多遜」,也就不去過分摧殘他們。這一些人和他們的子孫,就 在那幾百年之中,自成了一個特殊階級。他們不是那新朝的「士」;「士』喂一種 能執干戈以衛社稷的武士階級,是新朝統治階級的下層。他們只是「儒」。他們負 背著保存放國文化的遺風,故在那幾百年社會驟變,民族混合同化的形勢之中,他 們獨能繼續保存殷商的古衣冠,——也許還繼續保存了殷商的古文字言語(上文引 的《墨子·公孟》篇與《非儒》篇,都有「古言服」的話。我們現在還不明白殷周 民族在語言文字上有多大的區別)。在他們自己民族的眼裡,他們是「殷禮」(殷 的宗教文化)的保存者與宣教師。在西周民族的眼裡,他們是社會上多材藝的人, 是貴族階級的有用的清客顧問,是多數民眾的安慰者。他們雖然不是新朝的「土」, 但在那成周來衛齊魯請國的絕大多數的民眾之中,他們要算是最高等的一個階級了。 所以他們和「土」階級最接近,西周統治階級也就往往用「士」的名稱未泛稱他們。 《多土》篇開端就說:<br />
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惟三月,周公初於新邑洛,用告商王士。<br />
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王若日:爾殷遺多士卜……<br />
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下文又說:<br />
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王若日:爾殷多士卜……<br />
王日:告爾殷多士卜……<br />
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《多方》篇有一處竟是把「殷多土」特別分開來了:<br />
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王日:嗚呼,歐告爾有方多士,暨殷多士。<br />
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《大雅·文王》之詩更可以注意。此詩先說周士:<br />
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陳錫哉周,候(維)文王別、予。文王別、子,本支百世。幾周之士,不顯亦 世。世之不顯,厥猶翼翼。思皇多士,生此王國。王國克生,維周之賴。濟濟多士, 文王以寧。<br />
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次說殷士:<br />
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商之別、子,其麗不億。上帝既命,候(維)於周服。候服於周,天命靡常。<br />
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殷士膚敏,裸將於京。厥作裸將,常服錦暉。王之末臣,無念爾祖。<br />
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前面說的是新朝的土,是「文王孫子,本支百世」。後面說的是亡國的士,是 臣服於周的殷土。看那些漂亮的,手腕敏捷的殷士,在那王朝大祭禮裡。穿著殷人 的輔牌,(《士冠禮記》:「周井,殷哈,夏收。)捧著督酒,替主人送酒灌屍。 這真是一幕「青衣行酒」的亡國慘劇了!(《毛傳》以「殷士」為「殷候」,殊無 根據。任冠禮記》所謂「殷牌」,自是士冠)。<br />
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大概周土是統治階級的最下層,而殷士是受治遺民的最上層。一般普通殷民, 自然仍舊過他們的農工商的生活,如《多方》說的「毛爾宅,故爾田。」《左傳》 昭十六年鄭國子產說,「昔我先君桓公與商人皆出自周,庸次比偶,以艾殺此地, 軌之蓬蒿翠鰲,而共處之。世有盟誓,以相信也,曰:『爾無我叛,我無強賈,毋 或丐奪;水有利市寶賄,我勿與知。』恃此質誓,故能相保,以至於今。」徐中舒* 先生曾根據此段文字,說:「此《商人》即段人之後而為商賈者。」又說,「商賈 之名,疑即由殷人而起。」(國學論叢》一卷一號,頁——-。)此說似甚有理。 「商」之名起於殷賈,正如「儒」之名起於股土。此種遺民的士,古服古言,自成 一個特殊階級;他們那種長袍大帽的酸樣子,又都是彬彬知禮的亡國遺民,習慣了 「犯而不校」的不抵抗主義,所以得著了「儒」的渾名。儒是柔懦之人,不但指那 逢衣博帶的文連連的樣子,還指那亡國遺民忍辱負重的柔道人生觀。(博斯年先生 疑。「儒」是古代一個階級的類名,亡國之後始淪為寒士,漸漸得著柔懦的意義。 此說亦有理,但此時尚未有歷史證據可以證明「儒」為古階級。)<br />
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柔遜為殷人在亡國狀態下養成一種遺風,與基督教不抵抗的訓條出於亡國的猶 太民族的哲人耶穌,似有同樣的歷史原因。《左傳》昭公七年所記孔子的遠祖正考 父的鼎銘,雖然是宋國的三朝佐命大臣的話,已是很可驚異的柔道的人生觀了。正 考父曾「佐戴武宣」三朝;據《史記·十二諸侯年表》,宋戴公元年當周宣王二十 九年(前七九九),武公元年當平王六年(前七六五),宣公元年當平王二十四年 (前七四七)。他是西曆前八世紀前半的人,離周初已有三百多年了。他的鼎銘說:<br />
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一命而僂,再命而慪,三命而俯,循牆而走,亦莫余敢侮。世於是,粥於是, 以蝴余口。</blockquote>
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這是殷民族的一個偉大領袖的教訓。儒之古訓為柔,豈是偶然的嗎?<br />
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不但柔道的人生觀是殷的遺風,儒的宗教也全是「殷禮」。試舉三年之喪的制 度作一個重要的例證。十幾年前,我曾說三年之喪是儒家所創,並非古禮;當時我 曾舉三證:<br />
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一、《墨子·非儒》篇說儒者之禮日:「喪父母三年。……」此明說三年之喪 是儒者之禮。<br />
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二人論語》記宰我說三年之喪太久了,一年已夠了。孔子弟子中尚有人不認此 制合禮,可見此非當時通行之俗。<br />
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三、孟子勸膝世子行三年之喪,股國的父兄百官皆不願意,說道:「吾宗國魯 先君莫之行,吾先君亦莫之行也。」魯為周公之國,尚不曾行過三年之喪。以中國 哲學文大鋼隊,頁一三H)<br />
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我在五六年前還信此說,所以在《三年喪服的逐漸推行》(武漢大學位哲季刊》 第一卷二號)一篇裡,我還說「三年之喪只是儒家的創製。」我那個看法,有一個 大漏洞,就是不能解釋孔子對宰我說的<br />
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夫三年之喪,天下之通喪也。<br />
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如果孔子不說班,那就是勝國父兄百官扯慌了。如果「捨先君莫之行」,如果 勝國「先君亦莫之行」,那麼,孔子如何可說這是「天下之通喪」呢?難道是孔子 扯了說來傳教嗎?<br />
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博斯年先生前幾年作《同東封與殷遺民》,他替我解決了這個矛盾。他說:<br />
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孔子之「天下」,大約即是齊魯宋衛,不能甚大。……三年之喪,在東國,在 民間,有相當之通行性,蓋殷之遺北,而非周之制度。當時的「君子(即統治者) 三年不為禮,利必壞;三年不為樂,樂必崩」,而士及其相近之階級則淵源有自, 「齊以殷政」者也。試看關於大孝,三年之喪,及喪後三年不做事之代表人物,如 太甲,高宗,孝己,皆是殷人。而「君亮,百官總己以聽於家宰者三年」,全不見 於周人之記載。<br />
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傅先生的說法,我完全可以接受,因為他的確解答了我的困難。我從前說的話, 有一部分是不錯的,因為三年之喪確是「儒」的禮;但我因為股魯先君不行三年喪 制,就不信「天下之通喪」之說,就以為是儒家的創製,而不是古禮,那就錯了。 傅先生之說,一面可以相信勝香的統治階級不曾行此禮,一面又可以說明此制行於 那絕大多數的民眾之中,說它是「天下之通喪」也不算是過分的宣傳。<br />
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我可以替傅先生添一些證據。魯位公死在他的三十三年十一月乙己(十二日), 次年(文公元年)夏四月葬債公,又次年(文公二年)冬「公子遂如齊納幣」,為 文公聘婦。《左傳》說,「禮也。」松羊傳》說,『脫喪娶也。娶在三年之外,則 何譏乎喪娶?三年之內不圖昏。」此可證魯候不行三年喪。此一事,《左傳》認為 「禮也」,社預解說道:「德公喪終此年十一月,則納幣在十二月也。」然而文公 死於十八年二月,次年正月「公子遂如齊逆女;三月,遂以夫人婦姜至自齊」。杜 預注云:「不譏喪娶者,不待貶責而自明也!」此更是魯候不行三年喪的鐵證了。 《左傳》昭公十五年,<br />
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六月乙丑,王太子壽卒。<br />
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秋』\?月成寅,王穆後崩。<br />
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十二月,晉茵陳如周葬穆後。籍談為介。既葬,除喪,以文伯(苟缺)宴,終 以魯壺。王日,「伯氏,諸侯皆有以鎮撫王室,晉獨無有,何也?」·二…·籍談 歸,以告敘向,叔向日,「王其不終平?吾聞之,所樂必卒焉。個王樂化。……王 一歲而有三年之喪二4焉。 (杜註:「天子絕期,唯服三年,故後雖期,通謂之三 年。」)於是乎以喪實宴,又求彝器,樂憂甚矣。·,…·三年之喪,雖貴遂服, 禮也。王雖弗送,宴樂以早,亦非禮也。…、··」<br />
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這可證周王朝也不行三年喪制。《孟子》所記股國父兄百官的話可算是已證實 了。<br />
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周王朝不行此禮,魯股諸國也不行此禮,而孔子偏大膽的說,「三年之喪,天 下之通喪也。」機語》記子張問:「書雲,『高宗諒陰,三年不言。』何謂也?」 孔子直對他說:「何必高宗?古之人皆然。君幕,百官總己以聽於象宰,三年。」 相引有這樣一段:<br />
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子張之喪人明儀為志焉。諸幕,身質,蟻結於四隅,殷士也。<br />
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孔子、子張都是殷人,在他們的眼裡嘴裡,「天下」只是那大多數的殷商民眾, 「古之人」也只是殷商的先王。這是他們的民族心理的自然表現,其中自然也不免 帶一點般人自尊其宗教禮法的宣傳意味。到了孟子,他竟說三年喪是『咱天子達於 庶人, 三代共之」的了。到街L記·三年間》的作者,他竟說三年喪「是百王之所 同,古今之所竟也,未有知其所由來者也!」果然,越到了後來,越「未有知其所 由來者也」,直到傅斯年先生方才揭破了這一個歷史的謎!<br />
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三年之喪是「儒」的喪禮,但不是他們的創製,只是殷民族的喪禮,——正如 儒在儒冠不是他們的創製,只是殷民族的鄉服。《孟子》記勝國的父兄百官反對三 年之喪時,他們說:<br />
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且志回,『快祭從先祖,曰,吾有所受之也。」<br />
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這句話當然是古政治家息事寧人的絕好原則,最可以解釋當時殷周民族各自有 其喪祭制度的政治背景。統治階級自胡適精品集有其周社,一般「國人」自有其毫 社;前者自行其「既葬除眼」的喪制,後者自行其「天下之通喪」。<br />
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我們現在要看看「儒」的生活是怎樣的。<br />
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孔子以前,儒的生活是怎樣的,我們無從知道了。但我疑心《周易》的「需」 卦,似乎可以給我們一點線索。儒字從需,我疑心最初只有一個「需」字,後來始 有從人的「儒」字。需卦之象為雲上於大,為密雲不雨之象,故有「需待」之意。 (《象傳》:需,須也。)《象傳》說此卦象為「君子以飲食宴樂」。《序卦傳》 說:「需者,飲食之道也。」《承傳》說:<br />
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需,須也,險在前也。剛健而不陷,其義不困窮矣。<br />
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程頤媽傳》說此節云:<br />
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以險在於前,未可遇進,故需待而行也。以乾之剛健,而能需待不輕動,故不 陷於險,其義不至於困窮也。<br />
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這個卦好像是說一個受壓迫的人,不能前進,只能待時而動,以免陷於危險; 當他需待之時,別的事不能做,最好是自蝴其口,放需為飲食之道。這就很像殷商 民族亡國後的「儒」了。這一卦的六交是這樣的:<br />
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初九,需於郊,利用恆,無咎。<br />
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椽》曰:「需於郊」,不犯難行也。「利用恆,無咎」,未失常也。<br />
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九二,需於沙,小有言,終吉。<br />
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蛛》曰:「需於沙」,衍(恣)在中也。雖「小有言」,以吉終也。<br />
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九三,需於泥,致危至。<br />
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蛛》曰:「需於泥」,災在外也。自我「致完」,敬慎不敗也。<br />
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六4,需於血,出自穴。<br />
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椽》曰:「需於血」,順以聽也。<br />
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九五,需於酒食,負吉。<br />
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株陽:「酒食負吉」,以中正也。<br />
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上六,入於穴,有不速之客三人來,敬之,終吉。<br />
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橡陽:「不速之客來,敬之,終吉」,雖不當位,未大失也。<br />
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這裡的「需」,都可作一種人解;此種人的地位是很困難的,是有「險在前」 的,是必須「剛健而不陷」的。儒在郊,完全是在野的失勢之人,必須忍耐自守, 可以無咎。儒在沙,是自己站不穩的,所以說「衍(想)在中也」。儒在泥,是陷 在危險困難裡了,有了外侮,只有敬慎,可以不敗。儒在血,是衝突之象,他無力 和人爭,只好柔順的出穴讓人,故《象傳》說為「順以聽也。」儒在酒食,是有飯 吃了,是他最適宜的地位。他回到穴裡去,也還有麻煩,他還得用敬慎的態度去應 付。——「需」是「須待」之象,他必須能忍耐待時;時候到了,人家「須待』他 了,彼此相「需」了,他就有飯吃了。<br />
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調易》製作的時代,已不可考了。《系辭傳》有兩處試提出作《易》年代的推 測:一處說:<br />
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《易》興也,其當殷之本世,周之盛德邪?當文王與紂之事邪?是故其辭危。 危者使平,易者使傾。其道甚大,百物不廢,懼以終結,其要無咎。此之謂《助之 道也。<br />
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又一處說:<br />
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《易》興也,其於中古平?作《易》者其有憂患乎?是技「履」,德之基也; 「謙」,德之柄也;「復」,德之本也;「恆」,德之目也;「損」,德之修也; 「益」 , 德之裕也;「困」,德之辨也/井」,德之地也;「糞」,德之制也。 「履」和而至,「謙」尊而光,「復」小而辭於物,「恆」雜而不厭,「損」先難 而後易,「益」長格而不設,「困」窮而通,「井」居其所而不遷,「糞」稱而隱。 「履」 以和行, 「謙」 以制禮,『j」以自知,「。』以一德,『懶」以遠害, 「益」以興利,「臥』以寡怨,「個』以辯義,「奚」以行權。<br />
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賜》卦交辭已有「箕子之明夷」(「明夷」五支),「王用享於讀山」(「升」 四大)的話,似乎不會是「文工與紂」的時代的作品。「文王囚居差裡而作周易》」 的說法,也是更後起之說。《系辭膠是猜度的口氣,可見得福辭》以前尚沒有文王 作《易》的說法。《系辭》的推測作假陣代,完全是根據於《易》的內容的一種很 明顯的人生觀,就是「其辭危」「懼以終始,其要無咎」。從第一卦的「君子終日 乾乾久惕若厲,無咎」,到第六十四卦的『市李於飲酒,無咎」,全書處處表現一 種化危的人生觀, 教人戒懼修德, 教人謙卑類順,其要歸在於求「無咎」,在於 「履虎尾不吁人」。《系辭》的作者認清了這一點,所以推測「作賠》者其有憂患 乎?」這個觀察是很有見地的。我們從這一點上也可以推測《易》的卦交辭的製作 大概在殷亡之後,殷民族受周民族的壓迫最甚的一二百年中。書中稱「帝乙歸妹」 (「表』五支),「高宗伐鬼方,三年克之」,更可見作者是殷人。所謂「周易」, 原來是殷民族的卜策書的一種。經過了一個不短的時期,方才成為一部比較最通用 的覆書。《易》的六十四卦,每卦取自然界或人事界的一個現象為題,其中無甚深 奧的哲理,而有一些生活常識的觀察。「需」卦所說似是指一個受壓迫的知識階級, 處在憂患險難的環境,待時而動,謀一個飲食之道。這就是「儒」。(「蒙」卦的 初支說:「發蒙,利用刑人,用說(脫)提格以往,吝。」這裡說的也很像希臘的 俘虜在羅馬貴族家裡替他的主人教兒子的情形。)<br />
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孔子的時候,有「君子儒」,也有「小人儒」。我們先說「小人儒」的生活是 怎樣的。<br />
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《墨子非儒》篇有一段描寫當時的儒:<br />
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夫(夫即彼)繁飾禮樂以淫人,久喪偽哀以謾親;立命緩貧而高法居(畢流據 《孔子世家》。解浩居為傲倔),倍本棄事而安怠傲。貪於飲食,惰於作務,陷於 饑寒,危於凍餒,無以違(避)之。是若人氣,我鼠藏,而我羊視,賁就起(資即 奔字)。君子笑之,怒日,「散人焉知良儒!」<br />
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夫(彼)(孫冶讓校,此處疑脫「春乞」四字),夏乞麥禾。五穀既收,大喪 是隨, 子姓皆從,得厭飲食。畢治數喪,足以至D矣。國人之家解(財)以為,恃 人之野以為尊。富人有喪,乃大說喜日,「此衣食之端也!」<br />
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這雖然是一個反儒的宗派說的話,卻也有儒家自己的旁證。《荀子·儒效》篇 說:<br />
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逢衣淺(《韓詩外傳》作博)帶,解果其冠(楊驚注引《說苑》淳於完述「鄰 圃之詞田,祝曰,蟹螺者宜禾,汗邪者百車。」「蟹螺蓋高地也,今冠蓋亦比之。」), 略法先王而足亂世術;浮學雜舉,不知法後王而壹制度,不知隆禮義而殺詩書。… …呼先王以欺愚者,而求衣食焉。得委積足以排其口,則揚揚如也。隨其長子,事 其使辟,舉(王念孫云:舉讀為相與之與)其上客,倫然若終身之虜而不敢有他志。 ——是俗儒者也。<br />
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用戰國晚期苟卿的話來比較墨子的話,我們可以相信,在春秋時期與戰國時期 之間,已有這種俗儒,大概就是孔子說的「小人儒」。<br />
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從這種描寫上,我們可以看出他們的生活有幾個要點:第~,他們是很貧窮的, 往往「陷於饑寒,危於凍餒」;這是因為他們不務農,不作務,是一種不耕而食的 寄生階級。第二,他們頗受人輕視與嘲笑,因為他們的衣食須靠別人供給;然而他 們自己倒還有一種倔傲的遺風,「立命,緩貧,而高浩居」,雖然貧窮,還不肯拋 棄他們的寄食——甚至於乞食——的生活。第三,他們也有他們的職業,那是一種 宗教的職業:他們熟悉禮樂,人家有喪祭大事,都得請教他們。因為人們必須請他 們治喪相禮,所以他們雖然貧窮,卻有相當崇高的社會地位。罵他們的可以說他們 「因人之野以為尊」;他們自己卻可以說是靠他們的知識做「衣食之端」。第四, 他們自己是實行「久喪」之制的,而他們最重要的謀生技能是替人家「治喪」。他 們正是那殷民族的祖先教的教士,這是儒的本業。<br />
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從這種「小人儒」的生活裡,我們更可以明白「儒」的古義:儒是殷民族的教 士,靠他們的禮教知識為衣食之端。<br />
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其實一切儒,無論君子儒與小人儒,品格儘管有高低,生活的路子是一樣的。 他們都靠他們的禮教的知識為衣食之端,他們都是殷民族的祖先教的教士,行的是 殷禮,穿的是殷衣冠。在那殷周民族雜居已六七百年,文化的隔離已漸漸混滅的時 期,他們不僅僅是殷民族的教士,竟漸漸成了殷周民族共同需要的教師了。<br />
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《左傳》昭公七年記益值子自恨不能相禮,「乃講學之。苟能禮者,從之。」 《左傳》又說,孟嘎子將死時,遺命要他的兩個兒子何忌與說去跟著孔子「學禮焉 以定其位」。孔子的職業是一個教師,他說:<br />
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自行束修以上,吾未嘗無海焉。<br />
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束修是十凝脯,是一種最薄的禮物。《擅弓》有「古之大夫,束修之問不出競」 的話,可證束修是贈禮。孔子有「博學」「知禮」的名譽,又有「學而不厭,海人 不倦」的精神,放相傳他的弟子有三千之多。這就是他的職業了。<br />
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孔子也很注重喪祭之禮, 他作中都宰時, 曾定制用四寸之棺,五寸之停(見 《檀引有若的話)。他承認三年之喪為「天下之通喪」,又建立三年之喪的理論, 說這是因為「子生三年然後免於父母之懷」(《論語》十七)。這都可表示他是殷 民族的宗教的辯護者,正是「儒」的本色。《檀引記他臨死之前七日,對他的弟子 子貢說:<br />
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夏後氏殯於東階之上,則猶在昨也。殷人殯於兩檢之間,則與賓主夾之也。周 人殯於西階之上,則猶賓之也。而丘也,殷人也,予疇昔之夜,夢坐奠於兩攝之間。 夫明王不興,而天下其孰能宗予?予殆將死也?<br />
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看他的口氣,他不但自己;陸死還自認是殷人,並且還有「天下宗予」的教主 思想。(看下章)<br />
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他和他的大弟子的生活,都是靠授徒與相禮兩種職業。大概當時的禮俗,凡有 喪事,必須請相禮的專家。《檀引:說:<br />
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杜橋之母之喪,宮中無相,君子以為沽也。(《七經考文》弓怕本足利本,有 「君子」二字,他本皆無。)<br />
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「沽」是寒賤之意。當時周民族已與殷民族雜居了六百年,同化的程度已很深 了,所以魯國的大夫土族也傳染到了注重喪禮的風氣。有大喪的人家,孝子是應該 「昏迷不復自知禮」了,所以必須有專家相導,這正是儒的「衣食之端」。杜橋之 母之喪,竟不用「相」,就被當時的「君子」認為寒愴了。<br />
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孔子為人相喪禮,見於《檀引:(參看下文第六章引《曾子問》,記孔子「從 老路幼葬」)<br />
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國昭子之母死,問於子張口:「葬及墓,男子婦人安位?」子張日:「司徒敬 子之喪,夫子相,男子西鄉,婦人東鄉。」<br />
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據《檀引,司徒敬子是衛國大夫。孔子在衛國,還為人相喪禮,我們可以推想 他在魯國也常有為人家相喪禮的事。(適按,偽書《家語》也采孔子相司徒敬子之 喪的故事。)<br />
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《檀弓》說:<br />
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孔子之故人口原壤,其母死,夫子助之沐籽。原壤登木日:「久矣予之不托於 音也。」歌曰:<br />
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狸首之斑然,<br />
執女手之卷然。<br />
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夫子為弗聞也者而過之。從者曰,「子未可以己手?」夫子曰:「丘聞之,親 者毋失其為親也,故者毋失其為故也。」<br />
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這一個不守禮法的朋友好像不很歡迎孔二先生的幫忙;但他顧念故人,還要去 幫他治停。<br />
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他的弟子為人家相禮,《擅引記載最多。上文引的國昭子家的母喪,即是子張 為相。《擅弓》說:<br />
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有若之喪,悼公吊焉。子游擯,由左。<br />
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擯即是相。又說:<br />
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子蒲卒,哭者呼「滅/子皋日,「若是野哉!」哭者改之。<br />
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這似是因為子皋相禮,所以他糾正主人之失。《擅引又記:<br />
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孔子之喪,公西赤為志焉。飾棺牆,置翼,設披,周也。設崇,殷也。綢練設 施,夏也。<br />
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子張之喪,公明儀為志焉。諸幕丹質,蟻結於四隅,殷士也。<br />
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按《土喪禮》的《既夕禮》,飾樞,設披,都用「商祝」為之。可見公西赤與 公明儀為「志」,乃是執行《全喪禮》所說的「商祝」的職務(鄭玄注,「志謂章 識」。當參考機夕禮》,可見鄭注不確)。從此點上,可以推知當時的「儒」不但 是「殷士」,其實又都是「商祝」。《墨子·非儒》篇寫那些儒者靠為人治喪為衣 食之端,此點必須和《檀引與《士喪禮風既夕禮》合併起來看,我們方才可以明白。 《土喪禮》與《既夕禮》(即性喪禮》的下篇)使我們知道當時的喪禮須用「祝」, 其職務最繁重。杜喪禮》二篇中明說用「商祝」凡十次,用「夏祝」凡五次,泛稱 「祝」凡二十二次。舊注以為泛稱「祝』話都是「周祝」,其說甚無根據。細考此 兩篇,絕無用周祝之處;其泛稱「祝」之處,有一處確指「夏祝」(「祝受巾巾之」), 有兩處確指「商祝」(「祝又受來,奠於貝北」;又下篇「祝降,與夏祝交於階下」)。 其他不明說夏與商之處,大概都是指「商祝」,因為此種土喪禮雖然偶有雜用復周 禮俗之處,其根本的禮節仍是殷禮,放相禮的祝人當然以殷人為主。明白了當時喪 禮裡「商祝」的重要,我們才可以明白《擅弓》所記喪家的「相」,不僅是賓來吊 時的「擯者」以士喪禮》另有「擯者」),也不僅是指導禮節的顧問。其實還有那 最繁重的「祝」的職務。因為這種職務最繁重,所以那些儒者可以靠此為「衣食之 端」。<br />
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在《檀弓》裡.我們已可以看見當孔子的大弟子的時代,喪禮已有了不少的爭 論。<br />
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一、小斂之奠,子游日,「於東方。」曾子曰,「於西方。」<br />
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二、衛司徒敬子死,子夏吊焉,主人未小斂,經而往。子游吊焉,主人既小斂, 子游出,經而反哭。子夏日,「聞之也欣?」曰,「聞諸夫子:主人未改服,則不 經。」<br />
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三、 曾子襲裘而吊,子游楊裘而吊。曾子指子游而示人B,『快夫也,為習於 禮者,如之何其楊裘而吊也!」主人叫、斂,袒,括發,子游趨而出,襲裘帶給而 入。曾子曰,「我過矣,我過矣;夫夫是也。」<br />
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四、曾子吊於負夏,主人既祖,填池(鄭注,填池當為奠徹,聲之誤也),推 擔而反之,降婦人而後行禮。從者日,『人與、』曾子曰,「夫祖者記也。且,胡 為其不可以反宿也?」從者又問諸子游曰,「禮與?」子游曰,「飯於境下,小斂 於戶內,大斂於昨,殯於客位,祖於庭,葬於墓,所以即遠也。故喪事有進而無退。」<br />
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五、公叔木有同母異父之昆弟死,問於子游,子游日,「其大功平?」狄儀有 同母異父之昆弟死,問於子夏,於夏回,「我未之前聞也。魯人則為之齊衰。」狄 儀行齊衰。分之齊衰,狄儀之問也。<br />
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我們讀了這些爭論,真不能不起「累壽不能盡其學,當年不能行其禮」的感想。 我們同時又感覺這種儀節上的斤斤計較, 頗不像孔子的學風。 孔子自己是能瞭解 「禮之本」的,他曾說:<br />
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禮,與其奢也,寧儉。喪,與其易也,寧成。(「易」字舊說紛紛,朱子根據 《孟子》「易其田疇」一句,訓易為治,謂「節文司熟。)<br />
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《論語》的記者似乎沒有完全瞭解這兩句話,所以文字不大清楚。但一位心粗 膽大的子路卻聽懂了,他說:<br />
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吾聞諸夫子:喪禮,與其哀不足而禮有餘也,不若和不足而哀有餘也。祭禮, 與其故不足而利有餘也,不若禮不足而歌有餘也。(植引<br />
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這才是孔子答林放問的「禮之本」。還有一位「堂堂乎」的子張也聽懂了,他 說:<br />
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士見危受命,見得思義,祭思敬,喪思哀,其可已矣。(《論語》十九)<br />
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「祭思敬,喪思哀」,也就是「禮之本」。我們看孔子對子路說:『嘴寂飲水 盡其歡,斯之謂孝;斂手足形,還葬而無停,稱其財,斯之謂禮」(《擅引;同書 裡,孔子答子游問喪具,與此節同意);又看他在衛國時,遇!日館人之喪,「一 哀而出涕」,就「脫驗而碑之」,——這都可見他老人家是能見其大的,不是拘泥 儀文小節的。最可玩味的是《擅弓》記的這一件故事:<br />
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孔子在衛(也是一個段文化的中心),有送葬者,而夫子現之,曰,「善哉! 足以為法矣。 ……其往也如慕, 其反也如疑。」子貢日,「豈若速反而虞乎?」 (既葬,「迎精而反,日中祭之於殯宮,以安之」為虞祭。)子曰,「小子識之, 我未之能行也。」<br />
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孔子歎賞那人的態度,而他的弟子只能計較儀節的形式。所以他那些大弟子, 都是「習於禮者」,只能在那些達官富人的喪事裡,指手畫腳的評量禮節,較量襲 裘與揭裘的得失,辯論小斂之奠應在東方或在西方。《檀弓》所記,已夠使人厭倦, 使人失望,使人感覺孔子的門風真是及身而絕了!<br />
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我們讀了這種記載,可以想像那些儒者的背景。孔子和這班大弟子本來都是殷 儒商祝,孔子只是那個職業裡出來的一個有遠見的領袖,而他的弟子仍多是那個治 喪相禮的職業中人,他們是不能完全跳出那種「因人之野以為尊」的風氣之外的。 孔子儘管教訓他們:<br />
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女為君子儒,毋為小人儒。<br />
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但「君子」「小人」的界限是很難劃分的。他們既須靠治喪相禮為「衣食之端」, 就往往不能講氣節了。如齊國國昭子之母之喪,他問子張:<br />
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喪及墓,男子婦人安位?<br />
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子張說:<br />
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司徒敬子之喪,夫子相,男子西鄉,婦人東鄉。<br />
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可是主人不贊成這個辦法,他說:<br />
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喀, 毋曰我喪也斯沾。 (此句鄭直讀:「嚏,毋!日我喪也斯沾。」說回: 「晴,不睛之聲。毋者,禁止之辭。斯,盡也。沾凌日硯,硯,視也。國昭子自謂 齊之大家,有事人盡視之。」陳攤叢鄭說。郝敬與姚際恆讀「我喪也斯泊爾專之」 為一句,釋「沾爾」為沾沾爾,見杭大宗《續禮記集說》。我不能贊成舊說,改擬 如此讀法。他好像是說:「噴,別叫人說咱家的喪事那麼貧樣!」沾當是「沽」的 小誤。《擅弓》說:「杜橋之母之喪,宮中無相,君子以為沽也。」)爾專之。賓 為賓焉,主為主焉。婦人從男子,皆西鄉。<br />
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主人要那麼辦,「夫子」的大帽子也壓不住,那位「堂堂乎張也」也就沒有法 子,只好依著他去做了。其實這班大儒自己也實在有招人輕侮之道。相引又記著一 件很有趣的故事:<br />
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季孫之母死,哀公吊焉。曾子與子貢吊焉。閨人為君在,弗內也。曾子與子貢 入於其廄而修客焉。子貢先入,聞人曰,「鄉者已告矣。」曾子後入,聞人辟之。 涉內溜,卿大夫皆辟位,公降一等而揖之。——君子言之曰:「盡飾之道,斯其行 者遠矣。」<br />
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季孫為當時魯國的最有權力的人,他的母喪真可說是「大喪」了。這兩位大儒 巴巴的趕來,不料因國君在內,閨人不讓他們送去,他們就進季孫的馬廄裡去修容; 子貢修飾好了,還瞞不過間人,不得進去;曾子裝飾得更好,閨人不敢攔他,居然 混進去了。裡面的國君與大夫,看見此時有弔客進來,料想必是尊客,都起來致敬, 國君還降一等揖客。誰想這不過是兩位改裝的儒者趕來幫主人治喪相禮的呵!我們 看了這種聖門的記載,再回想《墨子非儒》篇描實的「五穀既收,大喪是隨,子姓 皆從,得厭飲食」,「富人有喪,乃大說喜」的情形,我們真不能不感覺到「君子 儒」 與「小人儒」 的區別是很微細的了!以先進》篇「赤爾何如」一段,赤所謂 「端章甫,願為小相焉」,也是「相禮」之一例。《鄉黨》篇有「君君使嬪」一章, 也是相禮之一例。適之,一九五三,十,七)<br />
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以上記「儒」的生活,我們只用那些我們認為最可信的史料。有意譭謗儒者, 而描寫不近情理的材料,《莊子》記「大儒以詩禮發家」的文字,我們不願意引用。 如果還有人覺得我在上文描寫「儒」的生活有點近於有心譭謗孔門聖賢,那麼,我 只好請他平心靜氣想想孔子自己說他的生活:<br />
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出則事公卿, 入則事父兄; 喪事不敢不勉,不為酒困,——何有於我哉?( 《論語》九)<br />
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在這裡,我們可以看見一個「儒」的生活的概略。縱酒是殷民族的惡習慣(參 看前章引《酒語卜段,)《論語》裡寫孔子「不為酒困」「唯酒無量,不及亂」, 還可見酗酒在當時還是一個社會問題。「喪事木敢不勉」,是「儒」的職業生活。 「出則事公卿」,也是那個不學稼圃的寄生階級的一方面。<br />
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四<br />
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在前三章裡,我們說明了「儒」的來歷。儒是殷民族的禮教的教土,他們在很 困難的政治狀態之下,繼續保存著殷人的宗教典禮,繼續穿戴著殷人的衣冠。他們 是殷人的教士,在六七百年中漸漸變成了絕大多數人民的教師。他們的職業還是治 喪,相禮,教學;但他們的禮教已漸漸行到統治階級裡了,他們的來學弟子,已有 周魯公族的子弟了(如盤剝、何忌,南宮適);向他們問禮的,不但有各國的權臣, 還有齊魯衛的國君了。<br />
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這才是那個廣義的「儒」。儒是一個古宗教的教師,治喪相禮之外,他們還要 做其他的宗教職務。《論語》記孔子的生活,有一條說:<br />
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鄉人體,「孔子」朝服而立於昨階。<br />
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排是趕鬼的儀式。《檀弓》說:<br />
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歲旱,穆公召縣子而問焉,曰,「天久不雨,吾欲暴膽而奚若?」曰,「天久 不雨而暴人之疾子,毋乃不可與?」「然則吾欲暴巫而奚若?」曰,「天則不雨而 望之愚婦人,於以求之,毋乃已疏乎?」「徙市則奚若?」曰「天子崩,巷市七日。 諸侯房,巷市三日。為之徙市,不亦可平?」<br />
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縣子見於《擅弓》凡六次,有一次他批評子游道:「汰哉叔氏,專以禮許人!」 這可見縣子大概也是孔子的一個大弟子(《史記·什尼弟子傳》有縣成,字子棋。 《檀的稱縣子瑣)。天久不雨,國君也得請教於儒者。這可見當時的儒者是各種方 面的教師與顧問。喪禮是他們的專門,樂舞是他們的長技,教學是他們的職業,而 鄉人打鬼, 國君求雨, 他們也都有事,——他們真得要無所不知無所不能的了。 《論語》記達巷黨人稱孔子「博學而無所成名」,孔子對他的弟子說:<br />
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吾何執?執御乎?執射乎?吾執御矣。<br />
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《論語》又記:<br />
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太宰問於子貢曰,「夫子聖者歡?何其多能也?」子貢曰,「因天縱之將聖, 又多能也。」子聞之日,「大宰知我乎?吾少也賤,故多能鄙事。君子多平哉?不 多也。」<br />
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儒的職業需要博學多能,故廣義的「儒』為術士的通稱。<br />
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但這個廣義的,來源甚古的「儒」,怎樣變成了孔門學者的私名呢?這固然是 孔子個人的偉大成績,其中也有很重要的歷史的原因。孔子是儒的中興領袖,而不 是儒教的創始者。儒教的伸展是殷亡以後五六百年的一個偉大的歷史趨勢;孔子只 是這個歷史趨勢的最偉大的代表者,他的成績也只是這個五六百年的歷史運動的一 個莊嚴燦爛的成功。<br />
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這個歷史運動是殷遺民的民族運動。殷商亡國之後,在那幾百年中,人數是眾 多的,潛勢力是很廣大的,文化是繼續存在的。但政治的勢力都全在戰勝的民族的 手裡,殷民族的政治中心只有一個包圍在「諸姬」的重圍裡的宋國。宋國的處境是 很困難的;我們看那前八世紀宋國~位三朝佐命的正考父的鼎銘:「一命而僂,再 命而慪,三命而俯,循牆而走」,這是何等的柔遜謙卑!宋國所以能久存,也許是 靠這種相傳的柔道。周室東遷以後,東方多事,宋國漸漸抬頭。到了前七世紀的中 葉, 齊桓公死後, 齊國大亂,宋襄公邀諸侯的兵伐齊,納齊孝公。這一件事成功 (前六四二)之後,宋襄公就有了政治的大慾望,他想繼承齊桓公之後作中國的盟 主。他把勝子、嬰齊捉了;又叫胡人把鄙子捉了,用哪子來祭次難之社,「欲以屬 東夷」。用人祭社,似是殷商舊俗。《左傳》昭公十年,「季平子伐營,取鄲,獻 俘,始用人於是社。」這樣恢復一個野蠻的舊俗,都有取悅於民眾的意思。宋襄公 眼光注射在東方的殷商!日土,所以要恢復一個殷商宗教的陋俗來巴結東方民眾。 那時東方無霸國,無人與家爭長;他所慮者只有南方的楚國。果然,在盂之會,楚 人捉了來襄公去,後來又放了他。他還不覺悟,還想立武功,定霸業。湖之戰(前 六三八),楚人大敗宋兵,宋襄公傷股,幾乎做了第二次的俘虜。當流之戰之前,<br />
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大司馬固諫(大司馬是公子目夷,即予魚。「固」是形容「諫」字的副詞。杜 預誤解「固」為公利、固,校記·宋世家》作予魚諫,不誤)曰:「天之棄商久矣。 君將興之,弗可赦也已。」(杜預誤讀「弗可。赦也已。」此五字當作一句讀。子 魚先反對襄公爭盟。到了將戰,他卻主張給楚兵一個痛快的打擊,故下文力主趁楚 師未既濟時去之。丁聲樹先生說「弗」字乃「不之」二字之合。此句所含「乏』字, 正指敵人。既要做中興殷商的大事,這回不可放過敵人了。)<br />
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這裡忽然提出復興殷商的大問題來,可見宋襄公的野心正是一個復興民族的運 動。不幸他的「婦人之仁」使他錯過機會;大敗之後,他還要替自己辯護,說,<br />
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君子不重傷,不禽二毛。……寡人雖亡國之餘,不鼓不成列。<br />
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「亡國之餘」,這也可見殷商後人不忘亡國的慘痛。三百年後,宋君假自立為 宋王,東敗齊房敗楚,兩敗魏,也是這點亡國遺憾的死灰復燃,也是一個民族復興 的運動。但不久也失敗了。殷商民族的政治的復興,終於無望了。<br />
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但在那殷商民族亡國後的幾百年中,他們好像始終保存著民族復興的夢想,漸 漸養成了一個「救世聖人」的預言,這種預言是亡國民族裡常有的,最有名的一個 例子就是希伯來(猶太)民族的「彌賽亞」(Messiah)降生救世的懸記,後來弓I 起了耶穌領導的大運動。這種懸記(佛書中所謂「懸記」,即預言)本來只是懸想 一個未來的民族英雄起來領導那久受亡國苦痛的民眾,做到那復興民族的大事業。 但年代久了,政治復興的夢想終沒有影子,於是這種預言漸漸變換了內容,政治復 興的色彩漸漸變淡了,宗教或文化復興的意味漸漸加濃了。猶太民族的「彌賽亞」 原來是一個復興英雄,後來卻變成了一個救世的教主,這是一變;一個狹義的,民 族的中興領袖,後來卻變成了一個救度全人類的大聖人,這一變更遠大了。我們現 在觀察股民族亡國後的歷史,似乎他們也曾有過一個民族英雄復興殷商的懸記,也 曾有過一個聖人復起的預言。<br />
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我們試撇開一切舊說,來重讀《商頌》的《直鳥》篇:<br />
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天命玄鳥,降而生商,宅殷土芒芒。古帝命武湯,正域彼四方。<br />
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方命厥後,奄有光有。商之先後,受命不殆,在武丁孫子。<br />
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武丁孫子——武王靡不勝。龍旗十乘,大精是承。<br />
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邦線千里,維民所止。肇域破四海,四海來假。<br />
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來僅祁祁,景員維河。殷受命咸宜,百祿是何。<br />
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此詩舊說以為是積高宗的詩。但舊說總無法解釋詩中的「武了孫子」。也不能 解釋那「武丁孫子」的「武王」。鄭玄解作「高宗之孫子有武功有王德於天下者, 無所不勝服。」朱衰說:『武王,湯號,而其後世亦以自稱也。言武了孫子,今襲 湯號者,其武無所不勝。」這是誰呢?段自武丁以後,國力漸衰;史書所載,已無 有一個無所不勝服的「武王」了。我看此詩乃是一種預言:先述那「正域彼四方」 的武湯,次預言一個『警域彼四海」的「武了孫子——武王」。「大精」舊說有二: 《韓詩》說穆為「大祭」,鄭玄訓箱為「黍稷」,都是臆說(朱駿聲機文通訓定聲》 誤郵商碩·烈祖》有「大精是承」,訓黍稷;又「會馬」有「大精是承」,《韓詩》 訓為大祭。其實《烈祖》無此句)。我以為「穆」字乃是「醋」字,即是「艱」字。 艱字括文作嶺, 字損為精。 惆書·大話》,「有大艱於西土,西土人亦不靜。」 「大艱」即是大難,這個未來的「武王」能無所不勝,能用「十乘」的薄弱武力, 而承擔「大艱」;能從千里的邦較而開國於四海。這就是殷民族懸想的中興英雄。 (鄭玄釋「十乘」為「二王后,八州之大國」,每國一乘,故為十乘!)<br />
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但世代久了,這個無所不勝的「武王」始終沒有出現,宋襄公中興殷商的夢是 吹破的了。 於是這個民族英雄的預言漸漸變成了一種救世聖人的預言。 《左傳》 (昭公七年)記益債子將死時名其大夫日:<br />
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吾闖將有達者,日孔丘,聖人之後也,而死於宋。其祖弗父何以有宋而授厲公。 及正考父位戴武宣,三個茲益共人其鼎銘云:「一命而僂,再命而慪,三命而好。 循牆而走,亦莫敢余海。淳於是,盟於是,以潮余口。」其共也如是。藏孫韓有言 日:「聖人有明德者,若不當世,其後必有達人。」令其將在孔丘乎?<br />
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孟僖子死在陽公二十四年(紀元前五一八),其時孔子已是三十四歲了。如果 這種記載是可信的,那就可見魯國的統治階級那時已注意到孔子的聲望,並且注意 到他的家世;說他是「聖人之後」,並且說他是「聖人之後」的「達者」。(適按, 《論語》十二,「子張問,士何如斯可謂之達矣?於日,何哉爾所謂達者?子張對 田,在邦必聞,在家必聞。··二…」此可以解釋「達者」「達人」的普通意象。 據博子引臧孫給的話,臧孫給自己也是當時人稱為「聖人」的,《左傳》(襄公二 十二年)說:<br />
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臧武伸雨過御叔,御叔在其色將飲酒,曰,「焉用聖人!我將飲酒而已。雨行, 何以聖為!」<br />
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臧孫給去國出奔時,孔子只有兩歲。他說的「聖人有明德者,若不當世,其後 必有達八」,當然不是為孔丘說的,不過是一種泛論。但他這話也許是受了當時魯 國的殷民族中一種期待聖人出世的預言的暗示。這自然只是我的一個猜想;但孟債 子說,「吾聞特有達者日孔丘」,這句話的涵義是說:「我聽外間傳說,將要有一 位達人起來,叫做孔丘。」這可見他聽見了外間民眾紛紛說到這個殷商後裔孔丘, 是一位將興的達者或聖人;這種傳說當然與臧孫統的預言無關,但看益倍子的口氣, 好像民間已有把那個三十多歲的孔丘認做符合某種懸記的話,所以他想到那位不容 於各國的聖人臧孫艷的懸記,說,「令其將在孔丘乎廣這就是說:這個預言要應在 孔丘身上了。這就是說:民間已傳說這個孔丘是一位將興的達者了,臧孫艷也有過 這樣的話,現在要應驗了。<br />
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所以我們可以假定,在那多數的東方股民族之中,早已有一個「將有達者」的 大預言。在這個預言的流行空氣裡,魯國「聖人」臧孫終也就有一種「聖人之後必 有達者」的預言。我們可以猜想那個民間預言的形式大概是說:「殷商亡國後五百 年,有個大聖人出來。」我們試讀《孟子》,就可以知道「五百年」不是我的瞎說。 孟子在他離開齊國最不得意的時候,對他的弟子充虞說:<br />
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五百年必有王者興,其間必有名世者。由周而來,七百有餘歲矣。以其數則過 矣;以其時考之則可矣。大天未欲平治天下也。如欲平治天下,當分之世,捨我其 誰也?(松孫丑》下)<br />
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在這一段話裡,我們可以看出「五百年必有王者興」乃是古來一句流行的預言, 所以孟子很詫異這個「五百年」的預言何以至今還不靈驗。但他始終深信這句五百 年的懸記。所以《孟子》最後一章又說:<br />
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由堯舜至於湯,五百有餘歲。……由湯至於文王,五百有餘歲。……由文王至 於孔子,五百有餘歲。……由孔子而來,至於今,百有餘歲。去聖人之世芳此其未 遠也,近聖人之居若此其甚也,然而無有平爾,則亦無有乎爾!(《盡心》下)<br />
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這樣的低徊追憶木是偶然的事,乃是一個偉大的民族傳說幾百年流行的結果。<br />
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孔子生於魯襄公二十二年(前五五一),上距殷武度的滅亡,已有五百多年。 大概這個「五百年必有王者興」的預言由來已久,所以宋襄公(秋之戰在前六三八) 正當殷亡後的第五世紀,他那復興殷商的野心也正是那個預言之下的產兒。到了孔 子出世的時代,那預言的五百年之期已過了幾十年,殷民族的渴望正在最高度。這 時期,忽然殷未公孫的一個嫡系裡出來了一個聰明睿智的少年,起於貧賤的環境裡, 而貧賤壓不住他;生於「野合」的父母,甚至於他少年時還不知道其父的墳墓,然 而他的多才多藝,使他居然戰勝了一個當然很不好受的少年處境,使人們居然忘了 他的出身,使他的鄉人異口同聲的讚歎他:<br />
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大哉孔子!博學而無所成名!<br />
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這樣一個人,正因為他的出身特別激賤,所以人們特別驚異他的天才與學力之 高,特別追想到他的先世遺澤的長久而偉大。所以當他少年時代,他已是民間人望 所歸了;民間已隱隱的,紛紛的傳說:「五百年必有聖者興,今其將在孔丘乎!』 港至於魯國的貴族權臣也在背後議論道:『任人之後,必有達者,今其將在孔丘乎!」<br />
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我們可以說,孔子壯年時,已被一般人認作那個應運而生的聖火了。這個假設 可以解決《論語》裡許多費解的談話。如云:<br />
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子曰:天生德於予,桓速其如予何?<br />
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如云:<br />
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子畏於匡,曰:文王既沒,文不在茲平?天之將喪斯文也,後死者不得與於斯 文也。天之未喪斯文也,匡人其如予何?<br />
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如云:<br />
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子曰:鳳鳥不至,河不出圖,吾已矣夫!<br />
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這三段說話,我們平時都感覺難懂。但若如上文所說,孔子壯年以後在一般民 眾心目中已成了一個五百年應運而興的聖人,這些話就都不難懂了。因為古來久有 那個五百年必有聖者興的懸記,因為孔子生當殷亡之後五百餘年,因為他出於一個 殷宋正考父的摘系,因為他那出類拔草的天才與學力早年就得民眾的崇敬,就被人 期許為那將興的達者,——因為這些緣故,孔子自己也就不能避免一種自許自任的 心理。他是不滿意於眼前社會政治的現狀的,<br />
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斗育之人,何足算也!<br />
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他是很有自信力的,<br />
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苟有用我者,期月而已可也,三年有成。<br />
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他對於整個的人類是有無限同情心的,<br />
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鳥獸不可與同群,吾非斯人之徒與,而誰與?天下有道,丘不與易也。<br />
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所以他也不能不高自期許,把那五百年的擔子自己挑起來。他有了這樣大的自 信力,他覺得一切阻力都是不足畏懼的了:「桓夠其如予何!」「匡人其如予河!」 「公伯索其如命何!」他雖不能上應殷商民族歌頌裡那個「肇域彼四海」的「武王」, 難道不能做一個中興文化的「文王」嗎!<br />
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鳳鳥與河圖的失望,更可以證明那個古來懸記的存在。那個「五百年必有王者 興」的傳說當然不會是那樣乾淨簡單的,當然還帶著許多幼稚的民族神話。「天命 玄鳥,降而生商」,正是他的祖宗的「感生帝」的傳說。鳳烏之至,河之出圖,湖 磷之來,大概都是那個五百年應運聖人的預言的一部分。民眾當然深信這些;孔子 雖然「不語怪力亂神」,但他也不能完全脫離一個時代的民族信仰。他到了晚年, 也就不免有時起這樣的懷疑:<br />
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鳳鳥不至,河不出圖,吾已矣夫!<br />
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「特秋》絕筆於獲鱗」,這個傳說,也應該作同樣的解釋。《公羊傳》說:<br />
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自以告者日,「有康而角者。」孔子曰:「孰為來哉!孰為來哉!」反袂拭面, 涕沾袍。顏淵死,子曰,「意,天喪予!』青路死,子曰,「喀,天祝予!」西狩 獲磷,孔子曰,「吾道窮矣!」<br />
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《史記》節取《左傳》與《公羊傳》,作這樣的記載:<br />
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魯哀公十四年春,狩大野,叔別、民車子組商獲獸,以為不祥。什尼視之,曰, 「磷也。 」 取之。曰,「河不出圖,推不出書,吾已矣夫!」顏淵死,孔子曰, 「天喪予!」及西狩見群,曰,「吾道窮吳廣<br />
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孔子的談話裡時時顯出他確有點相信他是受命於天的。「天生德於予」「天之 本喪斯文也」 「天喪予」 「下學而上達,知我者其天乎!」此等地方,若依來儒 「天即理也」的說法,無論如何講不通。若用民俗學的常識來看此等話語,一切就 都好懂了。《擅弓》記孔子將死的一段,也應該如此看法:<br />
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孔子蚤作,負手曳杖,消搖於門,歌曰:<br />
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泰山其頹乎?<br />
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梁木其壞乎?<br />
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哲人其萎乎?<br />
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既歌而入,當戶而坐。子貢聞之,曰:「泰山其頹,則吾將安仰?梁木其壞, 哲人其萎,則吾將安放?夫子殆將病也。」遂趨而入。夫子曰:「賜,爾來何遲也! 夏後氏殯於東階之上,則猶在昨也。殷人殯於兩援之間,則與賓主災之也。周人殯 於西階之上,則猶賓之也。而丘也,殷人也。予疇昔之夜,夢坐奠於兩攝之間。夫 明王不興,而天下其孰能宗予,予殆將死也。」蓋寢疾七日而歿。<br />
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看他將死之前,明知道那「天下宗予」的夢想已不能實現了,他還自比於泰山 梁木。在那」明王不興,天下其孰能宗予」的慨歎裡,我們還可以聽見那「五百年 必有王者興」的古代懸記的尾聲,還可以聽見一位自信為應運而生的聖者的最後絕 望的歎聲。同時,在這一段話裡,我們也可以看見他的同時人,他的弟子,和後世 的人對他的敬仰的一個來源。《論語》記那個儀封人說:<br />
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二三子何患於喪(喪是失位,是不得意)乎?天下之無道也久矣。天將以夫子 為木鋒。<br />
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《論語》又記一件很可玩味的故事:<br />
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南宮適問於孔子曰:「再善射,耳盪舟,俱不得其死焉。禹稷躬稼,而有天下。」 孔子不答。南宮適出,子曰:「君子哉若人!尚德哉若人介<br />
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南宮道是孟位子的兒子,是孔子的侄女婿。他問這話,隱隱的表示他對於某方 面的一種想望。孔子雖不便答他,很明白他的意思了。再看《論語》記子貢替孔子 辯護的話:<br />
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仲尼,日月也。……人雖欲自絕,共何傷於日月乎?多見其不知量也。<br />
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夫子之不可及也,猶天之不可階而升也。夫子之得邦家者,所謂立之斯立,道 之斯行,綏之斯來,動之斯和;其生也榮,其死也哀:——如之何其及也!<br />
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這是當時的人對他的崇敬。一百多年後,孟子追述宰我。子貢、有若讚頌孔子 的話,宰我說:<br />
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以予現於夫子,賢於堯舜遠矣!<br />
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子貢說:<br />
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見其利而知其政,聞其樂而知其德,由百世之後,等百世之王,莫之能違也。 自生民以來,未有夫子也。<br />
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有若說:<br />
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豈惟民哉?成磚之於走獸,鳳皇之於飛鳥,太山之於丘坦,河海之於行潦,類 也。聖人之於民,亦類也。出於其類,拔乎其單,自生民以來,未有盛於夫子也。<br />
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孟子自己也說:<br />
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自生民以來,未有孔子也。<br />
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後來所謂「素王」之說,在這些話裡都可以尋出一些淵源線索。孔子自己也曾 說過:<br />
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文王既沒,文不在茲乎?<br />
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這就是一個無冠帝王的氣象。他自己擔負起文王以來五百年的中興重擔子來了, 他的弟子也期望他像「禹稷耕稼而有天下」,說他「賢於堯舜遠矣」,說他為生民 以來所未有,這當然是一個「素王」了。<br />
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孔子是一個熱心想做一番功業的人,本來不甘心做一個「素王」的。我們看他 議論管仲的話;<br />
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管仲相桓公,霸諸侯,一匡天下,民到於個受其賜。微管仲,吾其被發左江矣。 豈若匹夫匹婦之為諒也,自經於溝讀而莫之知也?<br />
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這一段話最可以表示孔子的救世熱腸,也最可以解釋他一生棲棲皇皇奔走四方 的行為。《檀弓》記他的弟子有若的觀察:<br />
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昔者夫子失魯司寇,將之荊,蓋先之以子夏,又申之以冉有。以斯知不欲速貧 也。<br />
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說語》裡有許多同樣的記載:<br />
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子欲居九夷。或曰,「陋,如之何?」予日,「君子居之,何陋之有?」<br />
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子曰,「道不行,乘樣浮於海,從我者其由鐵?」<br />
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《論語》裡記著兩件事,曾引起最多的誤解。一件是公山弗擾召孔子的事:<br />
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公山弗擾以費叛,召,子欲往。子路不說,曰,「末之也已,何必公山氏之之 也?」子曰:「夫召我者,而豈徒哉?如有用我者,吾其為東周平?」<br />
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一件是怫勝召孔子的事:<br />
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佛胖召,子欲往。子路日:「昔者由也聞諸夫子曰:『親於其身為不善者,君 子不入也。』佛胖以中牟畔(佛胖是晉國趙簡子的中牟邑宰,據中年以叛),子之 往也,如之何?」子曰;「然,有是言也。不日堅乎,磨而不磷?不日白乎,涅而 不輜?吾豈格瓜也哉?焉能系而不食?」<br />
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後世儒者用後世的眼光來評量這兩件事,總覺得孔子決不會這樣看重兩個反叛 的家臣,決不會這樣熱中。疑此兩事的人,如崔述(《殊為考信錄》卷二),根本 不信此種記載為《論語》所有的;那些不敢懷疑《論語》的人,如孔穎達(低語正 義》十七),如程頤、張武(引見朱嘉桃語集注比),都只能委曲解說孔子的動機。 其實孔子的動機不過是贊成一個也許可以嘗試有為的機會。從事業上看,「吾其為 東周乎?」這就是說,也許我可以造成一個「東方的周帝國」哩。從個人的感慨上 說,「吾豈朝瓜也哉?焉能系而不食,這就是說,我是想做事的,我不能像那串葫 蘆,掛在那兒擺樣子,可是不中吃的。這都是很近清理的感想,用不著什麼解釋的。 (王安石有忡牟》詩:「頹城百雉擁高秋。驅馬臨風怒聖丘。此道門人多米悟,爾 來干裁判悠悠。」)<br />
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他到了晚年,也有時感慨地的壯志的消磨。最動人的是他的自述:<br />
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甚矣吾衰也!久矣吾不復夢見周公!<br />
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這寥寥兩句話裡,我們可以聽見一個「烈士暮年,壯心未已」的長歎。周公是 周帝國的一個最偉大的創始者, 東方的征服可說全是周公的大功。 孔子想造成的 『凍周」,不是那平王以後的「東周」(這個「東周」乃是文家所用名稱,當時無 用此名的),乃是周公平定四國後造成的東方周帝國。但這個偉大的夢終沒有實現 的機會,孔子臨死時還說:<br />
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夫明王不興,而天下其孰能宗予,予殆將死也?<br />
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不做周公而僅僅做一個「素王」,是孔子自己不能認為滿意的,但「五百年必 有王者興」的懸記終於這樣不滿意的應在他的身上了。<br />
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猶太民族亡國後的預言,也曾期望一個民族英雄出來,「做萬民的君王和司令」 (《以賽亞書》五五章,四節)「使雅各眾復興,使以色列之中得保全的人民能也 回, ——這還是小事,————M要作外邦人的光,推行我(耶和華)的救恩,直 到地的盡頭」(同書,四九章,六節)。但到了後來,大衛的子孫裡出了一個耶穌, 他的聰明仁愛得了民眾的推戴, 民眾認他是古代先知預言的「彌賽亞」 ,稱他為 「猶太人的王」。後來他被拘捕了,羅馬帝國的兵「給他脫了衣服,穿上一件朱紅 色袍子,用荊棘編作冠冕,戴在地頭上,拿一根葦子放在他右手裡;他們跪在他面 前,戲弄他說:『恭喜猶太人的王阿!』戲弄過了,他們帶他出去,把他打死在十 字架上,猶太人的王「使雅各眾復興,使以色列歸回」的夢想,就這樣吹散了。但 那個釘死在十字架上的殉道者,死了又「復活」了:「好像一粒芥菜子,這原是種 子裡最小的,等到長起來,卻比各樣菜都大,且成了一株樹,天上的飛鳥來宿在他 的枝上」:他真成了「外邦人的光,直到地的盡頭。」<br />
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孔子的故事也很像這樣的。殷商民族亡國以後,也曾期望「武了孫子」裡有一 個無所不勝的「武王」起來「大茶是承」,「肇域彼四海」。後來這個希望漸漸形 成了一個「五百年必有王者興」的懸記,引起了宋襄公復興殷商的野心。這一次民 族復興的運動失敗之後,那個偉大的民族仍!日把他們的希望繼續寄托在一個將興 的聖王身上。果然,亡國後的第六世紀裡.起來了一個偉大的「學而不厭,海人不 倦」的聖人。這一個偉大的人不久就得著了許多人的崇敬,他們認他是他們所期待 的聖人;就是和他不同族的魯國統治階級裡,也有人承認那個聖人將興的預言要應 在這個人身上。和他接近的人,仰望他如同仰望日月一樣;相信他若得著機會,他 一定能「立之斯立,道之斯行,綏之斯來,動之斯和」。他自己也明白人們對他的 期望,也以泰山梁木自待,自信「天生德於予」,自許要作文王周公的功業。到他; 臨死時,他還做夢「坐奠於兩檻之間」。他抱著「天下其孰能宗予」的遺憾死了, 但他死了也「復活」了:「人能弘道,非道弘人」,他打破了殷周文化的藩籬,打 通了殷周民族的唯域,把那含有部落性的「儒」抬高了,放大了,重新建立在六百 年殷周民族共同生活的新基礎之上:他做了那中興的「儒」的不排的宗主;他也成 了「外邦人的光」,「聲名洋溢乎中國,施及蠻貌,舟車所至,人力所通,……凡 有血氣者莫不尊親」。<br />
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五<br />
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孔子所以能中興那五六百年來受人輕視的「儒」,是因為他認清了那六百年殷 周民族雜居,文化逐漸混合的趨勢,也知道那個富有部落性的殷遺民的「儒』境無 法能拒絕那六百年來統治中國的周文化的了,所以他大膽的衝破那民族的界限,大 膽的宣言:「吾從周!」他說:<br />
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夏禮,吾能言之,把不足征也。殷禮,吾能言之,宋不足征也。文獻不足故也。 足,則吾能征之矣。<br />
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這就是說,夏殷兩個故國的文化雖然都還有部分的保存,——例如《全喪禮》 裡的夏祝商祝——然而民族雜居太長久了,後起的統治勢力的文化漸漸湮沒了亡國 民族的老文化,甚至於連那兩個老文化的政治中心,花與宋,都不能繼續保存他們 的文獻了。把國的史料現在已無可考。就拿宋國來看,宋國在那姬周諸國包圍之中, 早就顯出被周文化同化的傾向來了。最明顯的例子是溢法的採用。殷人無溢法人擅 引說:<br />
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幼名,冠字,五十以伯仲,死說,周道也。<br />
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今考《宋世家》,做子啟傳其弟做什,做仲傳子稽,稽傳了公申,丁公申傳清 公共,共傳弟場公熙,清公子的剎場公而自立,是太厲公。這樣看來,微子之後, 到第四代已用周道,死後稱溢了。——舉此一端,可見同化的速度。在五六百年中, 文獻的喪失,大概是由於同化久了,雖有那些保存古取古利的「儒」,也只能做到 一點抱殘守缺的工夫,而不能挽救那自然的趨勢。可是那西周民族在那五六百年中 充分吸收東方古國的文化;西周王室雖然漸漸不振了,那些新建立的國家,如在殷 商!日地的齊魯衛鄭,如在夏後氏!目地的晉,都繼續發展,成為幾個很重要的文 化中心。所謂「周禮」,其實是這五六百年中造成的殷周混合文化。舊文化裡灌入 了新民族的新血液,舊基礎上築起了新國家的新制度,很自然的呈顯出一種「集然 大備」的氣象。《檀引有兩段最可玩味的記載:<br />
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有度氏瓦棺,夏後氏暨周,殷人棺撐,周人牆置霎。周人以殷人之棺摔葬長殤, 以夏後氏之鱉周葬中殤下殤,以有虞氏之瓦格葬無服之壑。<br />
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仲憲言於曾子曰:「夏後氏用明器,……殷人用祭器,……周人兼用之……」<br />
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這都是最自然的現象。我們今日看北方的出殯,其中有披麻帶孝的孝子,有和 尚,有道土,有喇嘛,有軍樂隊,有紙紮的汽車馬車,和幗引記的同時有四種葬法, 是一樣的文化混合。孔子是個有歷史眼光的人,他認清了那個所謂「周禮」並不是 西周人帶來的,乃是幾千年的古文化逐漸積聚演變的總成績,這裡面含有絕大的因 襲夏殷古文化的成分。他說:<br />
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殷困於夏禮,所損益,可知也。周圍於殷禮,所損益,可知也。<br />
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這是很透闢的「歷史的看法」。有了這種歷史見解,孔子自然能看破,並且敢 放棄那傳統的「儒」的保守主義。所以他大膽的說:<br />
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周監於二代,鬱鬱平文哉!吾從周。<br />
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在這句「吾從周」的口號之下,孔子擴大了舊「儒」的範圍,把那個做殷民族 的祝人的「儒」變做全國人的師儒了。「儒」的中興,其實是「儒」的放大。<br />
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孔子所謂「從周」,我在上文說過,其實是接受那個因襲夏殷文化而演變出來 的現代文化。所以孔子的「從周」不是絕對的,只是選擇的,只是「擇其善者而從 之,其不善者而改之」。優語膽說:<br />
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顏淵問為邦,子曰:「行夏之時,乘殷之格,服周之冕。樂則韶舞。放鄭聲, 遠快人;鄭聲淫,慘人殆。」<br />
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這是很明顯的折衷主義。《論語》又記孔子說:<br />
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麻冕,禮也;今也給。儉,吾從眾。拜下,禮也;今拜乎上,泰也。雖違眾, 吾從下。<br />
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這裡的選擇去取的標準更明顯了。《擅弓》裡也有同類的記載:<br />
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孔子曰:「拜而後稽賴,頑乎其順也(鄭注,此段之喪拜也)。稽須而後拜, 頑乎其至也(鄭注,此周之喪拜也)。三年之喪,吾從其至老。」<br />
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殷既封而吊,周反哭而吊。孔子曰,「殷已癒,吾從周。」<br />
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殷練而社,周卒哭而柑。孔子善殷。<br />
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這都是選擇折衷的態度。《擅弓》又記:<br />
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孔子之喪,公西赤為志焉:飾格牆,置霎,設技,周也。設崇,殷也。綢練設 施,夏也。<br />
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子張之喪,公明儀為志焉:請幕開質,蟻結於四隅,殷士也。<br />
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這兩家的送葬的禮式不同,更可以使我們明瞭孔子和殷儒的關係。子張是「殷 士」,所以他的送葬完全沿用殷禮。孔子雖然也是殷人,但他的教養早已超過那保 守的殷儒的遺風了,早已明白宣示他的「從周」的態度了,早已表示他的選擇三代 禮文的立場了,所以他的送葬也含有這個調和三代文化的象徵意義。<br />
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孔子的偉大貢獻正在這種博大的「擇善」的新精神。他是沒有那狹義的珍域觀 念的。他說:<br />
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君子周而不比。<br />
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又說:<br />
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君子群而不黨。<br />
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他的眼光注射在那整個的人群,所以他說:<br />
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君子之於天下也,無適也,無莫也,義之與比。<br />
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他認定了教育可以打破一切階級與界限,所以曾有這樣最大膽的宣言:<br />
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有教無類。<br />
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這四個字在今日好像很平常。但在二千五百年前,這樣平等的教育觀必定是很 震動社會的一個革命學說。因為「有教無類」,所以孔子說:「自行柬修以上,吾 未嘗無海焉」;所以他的門下有魯國的公孫,有貨殖的商人,有極貧的原憲,有在 喚繩之中的公治長。因為孔子深信教育可以推破一切階級的步域,所以他終身「為 之不厭,海人不倦」。<br />
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孔子時時提出一個「仁」字的理想境界。「仁者人也」,這是最妥貼的古訓。 「並有仁焉」就是「井有人焉」。「仁」就是那用整個人類為對象的教義。最淺的 說法是<br />
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樊遲問仁,子曰,「愛人。」<br />
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進一步的說法,『六」就是要盡人道,做到一個理想的人樣子,這個理想的人 樣子也有淺深不同的說法:<br />
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樊遲問仁,子曰,「居處恭,執事散,與人忠:雖之夷狄,不可棄也。」<br />
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這是最低限度的說法了。此外還有許多種說法:<br />
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樊遲問仁, 子曰,「仁者先難而後獲,可謂仁矣。」什b較孔子在別處對樊遲 說的「先事後得」)<br />
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司馬牛問仁,子曰,「仁者其言也切。為之難,言之得無功平?」<br />
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顏淵問仁,子曰,「克己復禮為仁。」<br />
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仲弓問仁,子曰,「出門如見大賓,使民公。承大祭。己所不欲,勿施於人。 在邦無怨,在家無怨。」<br />
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其實這都是「居處恭,執事敬,與人忠」引伸的意義。仁就是做人。用那理想 境界的人做人生的目標,這就是孔子的最博大又最平實的教義。我們看他的大弟子 曾參說的話:<br />
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士不可以不弘毅:任重而道遠。仁以為己任,不亦重平?死而後已,不亦遠乎?<br />
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「仁以為己任」,就是把整個人類看作自己的責任。耶穌在山上,看見民眾紛 紛到來,他很感動,說道:「收成是好的,可惜做工的人太少了。」曾子說的「任 重而道遠」,正是同樣的感慨。<br />
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從一個亡國民族的教士階級,變到調和三代文化的師儒;用「吾從周」的博大 精神,擔起了「仁以為己任」的絕大使命,——這是孔子的新儒教。<br />
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「儒」本來是亡國遺民的宗教,所以富有亡國遺民柔順以取容的人生觀,所以 「儒」的古訓為柔懦。到了孔子,他對自己有絕大信。乙,對他領導的文化教育運 動也有絕大信心,他又認清了那六百年殷周民族同化的歷史實在是東部古文化同化 了西周新民族的歷史,——西周民族的新建設也都建立在那「周圍於殷禮」的基礎 之上——所以他自己沒有那種亡國遺民的柔遜取容的心理。「士不可以不弘毅:任 重而道遠」,這是這個新運動的新精神,不是那個「一命而僂。再命而慪,三命而 俯」的柔道所能包涵的了。孔子說:<br />
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志士仁人,無求生以害仁,有殺身以成仁。<br />
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他的弟子子貢問他:怕夷、叔齊餓死在首陽山下,怨不怨呢?孔子答道:<br />
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求仁而得仁,又何怨?<br />
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這都不是柔道的人生哲學了。這裡所謂「仁」,無疑的,就是做人之道。孟子 引孔子的話道:<br />
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志士不忘在溝壑,勇士不忘喪其元。<br />
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我頗疑心孔子受了那幾百年來封建社會中的武土風氣的影響,所以他把那柔儒 的儒和殺身成仁的武士合併在一塊,造成了一種新的「儒行」。《論語》說:<br />
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於路問成人,子曰:「若臧武仲之知人綽之不欲。卞莊子之勇,冉求之藝,文 之以禮樂,亦可以為成人矣。」曰:「分之成人者何必然。見利思義,見危授命, 久要不忘平生之言,亦可以為成人矣。」<br />
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「成人」就是「成仁」,就是「仁」。綜合當時社會上的理想人物的各種美德, 合成一個理想的人格,這就是「君子儒」,這就是「仁」。但他又讓一步,說『呼 之成人者」的最低標準。這個最低標準正是當時的「武土道」的信條。他的弟子子 張也說:<br />
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士見危致命,見得思義,祭思敬,喪思哀,其可已矣。<br />
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曾子說:<br />
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可以托六尺之孤,可以寄百里之命,臨大節而不可奪也。君子人欣?君子人也。<br />
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這就是「見危致命」的武士道的君子。子張又說:<br />
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執德不弘,信道不篤,焉能為有?焉能為亡?<br />
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子張是「殷土」,而他的見解已是如此,可見孔子的新教義已能改變那傳統的 儒,形成一種弘毅的新儒了。孔子曾說:<br />
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剛毅木銷,近仁。<br />
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又說:<br />
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巧言令色,鮮吳仁。<br />
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他提倡的新儒只是那剛毅勇敢,擔負得起天下重任的人格。所以說:<br />
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仁者己欲立而立人,己欲達而達人。<br />
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又說:<br />
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君子……修己以敬,……修己以安人,……修己以安百姓。<br />
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這是一個新的理想境界,絕不是那治喪相禮以為衣食之端的柔懦的儒的境界了。<br />
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孔子自己的人格就是這種弘毅的人格。《論語》說:<br />
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子曰:「君子道者三,我無能焉:仁者不憂,知者不惑,勇者不懼。」子貢日, 「夫子自道也。」<br />
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子曰:「不怨天,不尤人,下學而上達。知我者其天平!」<br />
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葉公問孔子於子路,子路不對。子曰:「汝奚不日,『其為人也,發憤忘食, 樂以忘憂,不知老之將至云爾?」』<br />
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《論語》又記著一條有風趣的故事:<br />
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子路宿於石門,晨門曰,「奚自?」子路日,「自孔氏。」曰,「是知其不可 而為之者故?」<br />
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這是當時人對於孔子的觀察。「知其不可而為之」,是孔子的新精神。這是古 來柔道的儒所不曾夢見的新境界。<br />
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但柔道的人生觀,在孔門也不是完全沒有相當地位的。曾子說:<br />
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以能問於不能,以多問於寡;有若無,實若虛;犯而不校:昔老吾友嘗從事於 斯矣。<br />
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這一段的描寫,原文只說「吾友」,東漢的馬融硬說「友謂顏淵」,從此以後, 注家也都說是顏淵了(現在競有人說道家出於顏回了)。其實「吾友」只是我的朋 友,或我的朋友們,二千五百年後人只可「陶疑」,不必費心去猜測。如果這些話 可以指顏淵,那麼,我們也可以證明這些話是說孔子。《論語汗說過嗎?<br />
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子入太廟,每事問。或曰:「孰謂都人之子知禮乎?入太廟,每事問!」子聞 之曰,「是禮也。」<br />
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這不是有意的「以能問於不能,以多問於寡」嗎?這不是「有若無,實若虛」 嗎?<br />
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子曰,「吾有知乎哉?無知也。有鄙夫問於我,空空如也。我叩其兩端而竭焉。」<br />
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這不是「以能問於不能,以多問於寡;有若無,實若虛』鳩?《論語》又記孔 子讚歎「伯夷叔齊不念舊惡,怨是用希」,這不是「犯而不校」嗎?為什麼我們不 可以說「吾友」是指孔子呢?為什麼我們不可以說「吾友」只是泛指曾子「昔者」 接近的某些師友呢?為什麼我們不可以說這是孔門某一個時期(『老者」)所「嘗 從事」的學風呢?<br />
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大概這種謙卑的態度,虛心的氣象,柔遜的處世方法,本來是幾百年來的儒者 遺風,孔子本來不曾抹煞這一套,他不過不承認這一套是最後的境界,也不覺得這 是唯一的境界罷了。(曾子的這一段話的下面,即是「可以托六尺之孤」一段;再 下面,就是「士不可以不弘毅」一段。這三段話,寫出三種境界,最可供我們作比 較。)在那個標舉「成人」「成仁」為理想境界的新學風裡,柔遜謙卑不過是其一 端而已。孔子說得好:<br />
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恭而無禮則勞,慎而無利則蔥,勇而無利則亂,直而無利則絞。<br />
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恭與慎都是柔道的美德,——益位子稱正考父的鼎銘為「共(恭)」,——可 是過當的恭慎就不是「成人」的氣象了。《鄉黨卜篇寫孔子的行為何等恭慎謙卑! 《鄉黨》開端就說:<br />
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孔子於鄉黨,河村如也,似不能言者。其在宗廟朝廷,便便言,唯謹爾。(鄭 註:便便,辯也。)<br />
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《論語》裡記他和當時的國君權臣的問答,語氣總是最恭慎的,道理總是守正 不阿的。最好的例子是魯定公問一言可以興邦的兩段:<br />
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定公問:「一言而可以興邦,有諸?」<br />
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孔子對日:「言不可以若是其兒也。人之言曰,「為君難,為臣不易。』如知 為君之難也,不幾乎一言而興邦乎?」<br />
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曰:「一言而喪邦,有諸廣<br />
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孔子對曰:「言不可以若是其兒也。人之言日,『予無樂乎為君,唯其言而莫 予違也。』如其善而莫之違也,不亦善乎?如不善而莫之違也,不幾乎一言而喪邦 乎?」<br />
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他用這樣婉轉的辭令,對他的國君發表這樣獨立的見解,這最可以代表孔子的 「溫而厲」「與人恭而有禮」的人格。<br />
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《中庸》雖是晚出的書,其中有子路問強一節,可以用來做參考資料:<br />
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子路問強。子曰:「南方之強放?北方之強鐵?抑而強%?<br />
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「寬柔可教,不報無道,南方之強也。君子居之。<br />
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「祛金革,死而不厭,北方之強也。而強者居之。<br />
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「故君子和而不流,強哉矯。中立而不倚,強哉矯。國有道,不變塞焉,強哉 矯。國無道,至死不變,強哉矯。」<br />
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這裡說的話,無論是不是孔子的話,至少可以表示孔門學者認清了當時有兩種 不同的人生觀,又可以表示他們並不菲薄那「寬柔以教,不報無道」(即是「犯而 不換」)的柔道。他們看準了這種柔道也正是一種「強」道。當時所謂「南人」, 與後世所謂「南人」不同。春秋時代的楚與吳,雖然更南了,但他們在北方人的眼 裡還都是「南蠻」,夠不上那柔道的文化。古代人所謂「南人」似乎都是指大河以 南的來國魯國,其人多是殷商遺民,傳染了儒柔的風氣,文化高了,世故也深了, 所以有這種寬柔的「不報無道」的教義。<br />
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這種柔道本來也是一種「強」,正如惆易·家傳》說的「謙尊而光,卑而不可 寄」。一個人自信甚堅強,自然可以不計較外來的侮辱;或者他有很強的宗教信心, 深信「鬼神害盈而福謙」,他也可以不計較偶然的橫暴。謙卑柔遜之中含有一種堅 忍的信心,所以可說是一種君子之強。但他也有流弊。過度的柔遜恭順,就成了懦 弱者的百依百順,沒有獨立的是非好惡之心了。這種人就成了孔子最痛恨的「鄉原」; 「原」是謹願,鄉願是一鄉都稱為謹願好人的人。說語》說:<br />
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子曰:「鄉原,德之賊也。」<br />
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《孟子》末篇對這個意思有很詳細的說明:<br />
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孟子曰:「……孔子曰:『過我門而不入我室,我不憾焉者,其惟鄉原平?鄉 原,德之賊也。」』<br />
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萬章日:「何如斯可謂之鄉原矣?」<br />
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曰:「何以是嗲耀也!言不顧行,行不顧言,則日,『古之人!古之人!行何 為璃路涼涼?生斯世也,為斯世也,善斯可矣。』閉然媚於世也者,是鄉原也。」<br />
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萬章日:「一鄉皆稱原人焉,無所往而不為原人/L子以為德之賊,何哉?」<br />
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曰:「非之,無舉也;創之,無刺也。同手流俗,合乎污世。居之似忠信,行 之似廉潔。眾昏況之,自以為是,而不可與入堯舜之道。故日德之賊也。孔子曰: 『惡似而非者。惡美,恐其亂苗也。惡佞,恐其亂義也。惡利口,恐其亂信也。惡 鄭聲,恐其亂樂也。惡紫,恐其亂朱也。惡鄉原,恐其亂德也。」』<br />
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這樣的人的大病在於只能柔而不能剛;只能「同乎流俗,合乎污世」「閥然媚 於世」,而不能有路蹈涼涼的特立獨行。<br />
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孔子從柔道的儒風裡出來,要人「柔而能剛」,「恭而有禮」。他說:<br />
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眾好之,必家焉。眾惡之,必察焉。<br />
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鄉原決不會有「眾惡之」的情況的。凡「眾好之」的人,大概是「同乎流俗, 合乎污世」的人。《論語》另有一條說此意最好:<br />
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子貢問曰:『步人皆好之,何如、』<br />
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子曰,「未可也。」<br />
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「鄉人皆惡之,何如片<br />
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子曰,「未可也。不如鄉人之善者好之,其不善者惡之。」<br />
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這就是《論語》說的「君子和而不同」;也就是《中庸》說的「君子和而不流, 中立而不倚」。這才是孔子要提倡的那種弘毅的新儒行。<br />
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《禮記》裡有棉行卜篇,記孔子答魯哀公問棉行》的話,其著作年代已不可考, 但其中說儒服是魯來的鄉服,可知作者去古尚未遠,大概是戰國早期的儒家著作的 一種。此篇列舉《儒行計六節,其中有一節云:<br />
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儒有衣冠中,動作慎;其大讓如慢,小設如偽;大則如威(畏),小則如愧: 其難進而易運也,粥粥若無能也。<br />
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這還是儒柔的本色。又一節云:<br />
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懦有博學而不窮,篤行而不倦,……人之以和為貴,……舉賢而客眾,毀方而 瓦合,其寬裕有如此考。<br />
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這也還近於儒柔之義。但此外十幾節,如雲,<br />
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愛其死以有待也,養其身以有為也。<br />
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非時不見,非義不合。<br />
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見利不虧其義,見死不更其守。其特立有如此者。<br />
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儒有可親而不可劫也,可近而不可迫也,可殺而不可辱也。其過失可微辭而不 可面數也。其剛毅有如此者。<br />
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身可危也,而志不可奪也。雖危,起居競信(伸)其志,猶將不忘百姓之病也。 其憂思有如此者。<br />
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患難相死也,久相待也,遠相致也。<br />
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儒有澡身而浴德,陳言而伏。……世治不輕,世亂不沮。同弗與,異弗非也。 其特立獨行有如此者。<br />
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儒有上不臣天子,下不事諸侯,慎靜而尚寬,強毅以與人,……<br />
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破厲廉隅。雖分國,如輜妹。……其規為有如此者。<br />
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這就都是超過那柔順的儒風,建立那剛毅威嚴,特立獨行的新儒行了。<br />
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以上述孔子改造的新儒行:他把那有部落性的殷儒擴大到那「仁以為己任」的 新儒;他把那亡國遺民的柔順取容的殷儒抬高到那弘毅進取的新儒。這真是「振衰 而起儒」的大事業。<br />
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我們現在可以談談「儒」與「道」的歷史關係了。同時也可以談談孔子與老子 的歷史關係了。<br />
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「道家」一個名詞不見於先秦古書中,在《史記》的《陳平世家》《魏其武安 俱列傳》《太史公自序》裡,我們第一次見著「道家」一個名詞。司馬談父子所謂 「道家」,乃是一個「因陰陽之大順,采儒墨之善,撮名法之要」的混合學派。因 為是個混合折衷的學派,他的起源當然最晚,約在戰國的最後期與秦漢之間。這是 毫無可疑的歷史事實。(我別有論「道家」的專文)<br />
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最可注意的是秦以前論學術派別的,沒有一個人提到那個與德墨對立的「道家」。 孟於在戰國後期論當時的學派,只說「逃墨必歸於楊,逃標必歸於儒」。韓非死在 秦始皇時,他也只說「世之顯學,儒墨也」。<br />
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那麼,儒墨兩家之外,那極端傾向個人主義的楊朱可以算是自成一派,其餘的 許多思想家,——老子,在周,慎到,田驕,駿衍等,────——如何分類呢?<br />
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依我的看法,這些思想家都應該歸在儒墨兩大系之下。<br />
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宋任、 尹文、 惠施、公孫龍一些人都應該歸於「墨者」一個大系之下。宋任 (宋針)、尹文主張「見海不辱,救民之鬥;禁攻寢兵,救世之戰」,他們正是墨 教的信徒。這是顯而易見的。惠施主張「泛愛萬物」,又主張齊梁兩國相推為王, 以維持中原的和平;公孫龍到處勸各國『堰兵」,這也是墨教的遺風。至於他們的 名學和墨家的名學也有明顯的淵源關係,那更是容易看出的。<br />
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其餘的許多思想家,無論是齊魯儒生,或是燕齊方士,在先秦時代總稱為「儒」, 都屬於「儒者」 的一大系。 所以齊宣王招致稷下先生無數,而《鹽鐵論》泛稱為 「諸儒」;所以秦始皇坑殺術上,而世人說他「坑儒」。髒子·說劍》篇(偽書) 也有莊子儒服而見趙王的傳說。<br />
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老子也是儒。儒的本義為柔,而《老子》書中的教義正是一種「寬柔以教,不 報無道」的柔道。「弱之勝強,柔之勝剛,天下莫不知,莫能行」,「上善若水, 水利萬物而不爭」,「夫唯不爭,放天下莫與之爭」,「報怨以德」,「強梁者不 得其死」,「曲則全,枉則直,窪則盈」……這都是最極端的「犯而不校」的人生 觀。如果「儒,柔也」的古訓是有歷史意義的,那麼,老子的教義正代表儒的古義。<br />
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我們試回想到前八世紀的正考父的鼎銘,回想到《周易》裡「謙」「損」「坎」 「糞」等等教人柔遜的卦交詞,回想到曾子說的「昔者吾友嘗從事」的「犯而不校」, 回想到低語》裡討論的「以德報怨」的問題,——我們不能不承認這種柔遜謙卑的 人生觀正是古來的正宗儒行。孔子早年也從這個正宗儒學裡淘煉出來,所以曾子說:<br />
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以能問於不能,以多問於寡;有若無,實若虛;犯而不校:昔者吾友嘗從事於 斯矣。<br />
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後來孔子漸漸超過了這個正統遺風,建立了那剛毅弘大的新儒行,就自成一種 新氣象。《論語》說:<br />
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或曰:「以德報怨,何如?」<br />
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於日:「何以報援?——以直很想,以德報德。」<br />
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這裡「或人」提出的論點,也許就是老子的「報怨以德」,也許只是那個柔道 遺風裡的一句古訓。這種柔道,比「不報無道」更進一層,自有大過人處,自有最 能感人的魔力, 因為這種人生觀的基礎是一種大過人的宗教信心, ——深信一個 「無力而無不為」「不爭而善股」的無道。但孔子已跳過了這種「過情」的境界, 知道這種違反人情的極端教義是不足為訓的,所以他極力回到那平實中庸的新教義: 「以直報怨,以德報德。」<br />
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這種討論可以證明孔子之時確有那種過情的柔道人生觀。信《老子》之書者, 可以認為當時已有《老子》之書或老子之教的證據。即有尚懷疑《老子》之書者, 他們老平心想想,也決不能否認當時實有「犯而不校」的柔道,又實有「以德報怨」 的更透進一層的柔道。如果連這種重要證據都要抹煞,硬說今本《老子》裡的柔道 哲學乃是戰國末年世故已深時來研、尹文的思想的餘波,那種人的固執是可以驚異 的,他們的理解是不足取法的。<br />
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還有那個孔子問禮於老聘的傳說,向來懷疑的人都學韓愈的看法,說這是老子 一派的人要自尊其學,所以捏造『*子,吾師之弟子也」的傳說。《通論》論《曾 子問卜》篇,說,「此為老莊之徒所作無疑」。)現在依我們的新看法,這個古傳 說正可以證明老子是個「老儒」,是一個殷商老派的儒。<br />
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關於孔子見老子的傳說,約有幾組材料的來源:<br />
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一、《禮記》的《俗子問》篇,孔子述老聘淪喪禮四事。<br />
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二、《史記·孔子世家》記南官敬叔與孔子適周問禮,「蓋見老子雲」一段。<br />
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三、《史記·老在申韓列傳》,「孔於適周,將問禮於老子,老於日……」一 段<br />
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四、《莊子》所記各段。<br />
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我們若依這個次序比較這四組的材料,可以看見一個最可玩味的現象,就是老 子的人格的驟變,從一個最拘謹的喪禮大師,變到一個最恣肆無禮的出世仙人。最 可注意的是《史記》兩記此事,在、《孔子世家》裡老子還是一個很謙恭的柔道學 者,而在《老子列傳》裡他就變做一個盛氣拒人的狂士了。這個現象,其實不難說 明。老子的人格變化只代表各時期的人對於老子的看法不同。作路子問的人絕對不 曾夢見幾百年後的人會把老耿變成一個謾罵無禮的狂士,所以他只簡單的記了老脫 對於喪禮的幾條意見。 這個看法當然是最早的; 因為,如果《曾子問》真是後世 「老莊之徒所作」,請問,這班「老莊之徒」為什麼要把老子寫成這樣一個拘謹的 喪禮專門大師呢?若如姚際恆所說,《曾子問》全書是「老莊之徒所作無疑」,那 麼,這班「老莊之徒」捏造了這五十條喪禮節目的討論,插入了四條老響的意見, 結果反把老脫變成了一個儒家喪禮的大師,這豈不是「賠了夫人又折兵」的大笨事 嗎?——這類的說法既說不通了,我們只能承認那作賭子問》的人生在一個較早的 時期,只知道老子是一位喪禮大師,所以他老老實實的傳述了孔子稱引老聃的喪禮 意見。這是老孔沒有分家的時代的老子。<br />
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司馬遷的《孔子世家》是《史記》裡最謹慎的一篇,所以這一篇記孔子和老子 的關係也還和那最早的傳說相去不遠:<br />
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(孔子)運周問利,蓋見老子雲。辭去,而老子送之曰:「吾聞富貴者送人以 財,仁人者送人以言。吾不能富貴,竊仁人之號,送子以言日:『聰明深察而近於 死者,好議人者也。博辯廣大危其身者,發人之惡者也。為人予者,毋以有己。為 人臣者,毋以有己。」』<br />
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這時代的人已不信老於是個古禮專家了,所以司馬遷說「適周問禮,蓋見老子 雲」,這已是很懷疑的口氣了。但他在這一篇只採用了這一段臨別贈言,這一段話 還把老子看作一個柔道老儒,還不是更晚的傳說中的老子。<br />
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到了《老在列傳》裡,就大不同了!<br />
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孔子適周,將問禮於老子。老子曰:「子所言者,其人與骨皆已朽矣。獨其言 在耳。……」<br />
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這就是說,孔子「將」要問禮,就碰了一個大釘子,開不得口。這就近於後世 傳說中的老子了。<br />
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至於《莊子列子》書中所記孔子見老子的話,離最古的傳說更遠,其捏造的時 代更晚,更不用說了。如果老子真是那樣一個假傲謾罵的人,而孔子卻要借車借馬 遠道去「問禮」,他去碰釘子挨罵,豈非活該!<br />
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總之,我們分析孔子問禮於老子的傳說,剝除了後起的粉飾,可以看出幾個要 點:<br />
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一、古傳說認老子為一個知禮的大師。這是問禮故事的中心,不可忽視。<br />
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二、古傳說記載老子是一位喪禮的專家。路子問》記孔子述他的禮論四條,其 第二條最可注意:<br />
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孔子曰:昔者吾從老脅助葬於巷黨人堆,日有食之,老路四:「丘止框就遭右, 止哭以聽變,既明反而後行。」曰,「禮也。」反葬而丘問之曰:「夫拒不可以反 者也。日有食之,不知其已之遲數,則豈如行哉?」老路口:「諸侯朝天子,見日 而行,逮日而捨奠。大夫使,見日而行,逮日而捨。夫拒不蚤出,不莫宿。見星而 行者,唯罪人與奔父母之喪者平?日有食之,安知其不見星也?且君子行禮,不以 人之親後患。」吾聞諸老聆雲。<br />
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這種議論,有何必要而須造出一個老師的權威來作證?豈非因為老胞本是一位 喪禮的權威,所以有引他的必要嗎?<br />
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三法傳說裡,老子是周室的一個「史」:始子列傳》說他是「周守藏室之史」, 《張湯列傳》說他是「柱下史」。史是宗教的官,也需要知禮的人。<br />
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四、古傳說又說他在周,成周本是殷商舊地,遺民所居。(古傳說又說他師事 商客,——一作常抓,汪中說為一人——可見古說總把他和殷商文化連在一塊,不 但那柔道的人生觀一項而已。)<br />
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這樣看來,我們更可以明白老子是那正宗老儒的一個重要代表了。<br />
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聰明的汪中(《述學》 補遺, 《老子考異》)也承認《曾子問》裡的老胞是 「孔子之所從學者,可信也」。但他終不能解決下面的疑惑:<br />
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夫助草而遇日食,然且以見星為嫌,止樞以聽變,其謹於禮也如是。至其書則 回「禮者,忠信之薄而亂之首也」。下殤之葬,稱引周、召、文佚,其尊信前哲也 如是(此一條也見帽子問》)。而其書則曰:「聖人不死,大盜不止。」彼此乖違 甚矣。故鄭注謂「古壽考者之稱」,黃東刎日鈔》亦疑之,而皆無以輔其說。(汪 中列舉三疑,其他二事不關重要,今不論。)<br />
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博學的汪中誤記了勝子》偽書裡的一句「聖人不死,大盜不止」,硬說是《老 子》裡的贓物!我們不能不替老子喊一聲冤枉。《老子》書裡處處抬高「聖人」作 個理想境界,全書具在,可以覆勘。所以汪中舉出的兩項「乖違」,其一項已不能 成立了。其他一項,「禮者,忠信之薄,而亂之首」,正是深知禮制的人的自然的 反動,本來也沒有可疑之處。博學的汪中不記得《論語》裡的同樣主張嗎?孔子也 說過:<br />
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人而不仁,如禮何?人而不仁,如樂何?<br />
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又說過:<br />
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禮雲,禮雲,玉帛雲乎哉?樂雲,樂雲,鐘鼓雲乎哉?<br />
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《論語》又有兩條討論「禮之本」的話:<br />
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林放問利之本。子曰:「大哉問!禮,與其奢也,寧儉。喪,與其易也,寧成」 (說詳上文第三章)<br />
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於夏問日:「『巧笑倩兮,美目盼兮,素以為絢兮』,何謂也?」子曰:「繪 事後素。」曰:「禮後平?」子曰:「啟予者商也,始可與言詩已矣。」<br />
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《檀弓》述子路引孔子的話,也說:<br />
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喪禮,與其哀不足而禮有餘也,不若禮不足而哀有餘也。祭孔,與其敬不足而 和有餘也,不若禮不足而敬有餘也。<br />
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這樣的話, 都明明的說還有比「禮」 更為根本的在,明明的說禮是次要的( 《禮後》),正可以解釋老子「禮者忠信之薄而亂之首」的一句話。老干、孔子都 是深知禮意的大師,所以他們能看透過去,知道「禮之本』環在那禮文上。孔子看 見季氏舞八份,又旅於泰山,也跳起來,歎口氣說:「嗚呼!曾謂泰山不如林放乎 廠後世的權臣,搭起禪讓台來,欺人寡婦孤兒,搶人的天下,行禮已畢,點頭讚歎 道:「舜禹之事,吾知之矣!」其實那深知禮意的老耿、孔丘早已看透了卜檀引裡 還記一位魯人周豐對魯哀公說的話:<br />
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殷人作誓而民始畔,周人作會而民始疑。苟無禮義忠信誠意之心以蒞之,雖因 結之,民其不解平?<br />
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這又是老子的話的註腳了。<br />
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總之依我們的新看法,老子出在那個前六世紀,毫不覺得奇怪。他不過是代表 那六百年來以柔道取容於世的一個正統老儒;他的職業正是殷儒相禮助葬的職業, 他的教義也正是《論語》裡說的「犯而不校」「以德報怨」的柔道人生觀。古傳說 裡記載著孔子曾問禮於老子,這個傳說在我們看來,絲毫沒有可怪可疑之點。儒家 的書記載孔子「從老鵬助葬於巷黨」,這正是最重要的歷史證據,和我們上文說的 儒的歷史絲毫沒有矛盾衝突。孔子和老於本是一家,本無可疑。後來孔老的分家, 也絲毫不足奇怪。老子代表儒的正統,而孔子早已超過了那正統的儒。老子仍舊代 表那隨順取容的亡國遺民的心理,孔子早已懷抱著「天下宗予」的東周建國的大雄 心了。 老子的人生哲學乃是千百年的世故的結晶, 其中含有絕大的宗教信心—— 「常有司殺者殺」「天網恢恢,疏而不失」——所以不是平常一般有血肉骨幹的人 所能完全接受的。孔子也從這種教義裡出來。他的性情人格不容許他走這條極端的 路,所以他漸漸回到他所謂「中庸」的路上去,要從剛毅進取的方面造成一種能負 荷全人類擔子的人格。這個根本上有了不同,其他教義自然都跟著大歧異了。<br />
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那個消極的柔儒要「損之又損,以至於無」;而這個積極的新儒要「學如不及, 猶恐失之」「學而不厭,誨人不倦」。那個消極的儒對那新興的文化存著絕大的懷 疑, 要人寡慾絕學, 回到那「無知無慾」的初民狀態;而這個積極的儒卻沉歌那 「鬱鬱乎文哉」的周文化,大膽的宣言:「吾從周廣那個消極的儒要人和光同塵, 混滅是非與善惡的執著。而這個剛毅的新儒卻要人「無求生以害仁,有殺身以成仁」, 要養成一種「篤信好學,守死善道」「造次必於是,顛沛必於是」的人格。<br />
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在這個新儒的運動卓然成立之後,那個!日派的儒就如同滿天的星斗在太陽的 光焰裡,存在是存在的,只是不大瞧得見了。可是,我們已說過,那柔道的儒,尤 其是老子所代表的柔道,自有他的大過人處,自有他的絕堅強的宗教信心,自有他 的深於世故的人生哲學和政治態度。這些成分,初期的孔門運動並不曾完全抹煞: 如孔子也能欣賞那「寬柔以教,不報無道」的柔道,也能盡量吸收那傾向自然主義 的天道觀念,也能容納那無為的政治理想。所以孔老儘管分家,而在外人看來,一 例如從墨家看來——他們都還是一個運動,一個宗派。試著墨家攻擊儒家的四大罪 狀:<br />
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儒之道足以喪天下者四政焉:儒以天為不明,以鬼為不神人鬼不說人足以喪天 下。又厚葬久喪,……此足以喪夫下。又絃歌鼓舞,習為聲樂,此足以喪天下。又 以命為有;貧富,壽天,治亂,安危有極矣,不可損益也。為上者行之,必不聽治 矣;為下者行之,必不從事矣。此足以喪天下。《墨子·公孟》篇)<br />
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我們試想想,這裡的第一項和第四項是不是把孔老都包括在裡面?所謂「以天 為不明,以鬼為不神」,現存的孔門史料都沒有這種極端言論,而《老子》書中卻 有「天地不仁」「其鬼不神」的話。儒家(包括孔老)承認天地萬物都有一定的軌 跡,如老子說的自然無為,如孔子說的「天何言哉?四時行焉,百物生焉」,這自 然是社會上的常識積累進步的結果。相信一個「無為而無不為」的天道,即是相信 一個「莫之為而為」的天命:這是進一步的宗教信心。所以老子、孔子都是一個知 識進步的時代的宗教家。但這個進步的天道觀念是比較的太抽像了,不是一般民眾 都能瞭解的,也不免時時和民間折神事鬼的舊宗教習慣相衝突。既然相信一個「獨 立而不改,周行而不殆」的天道,當然不能相信祭把事神可以改變事物的趨勢了。 孔子說:<br />
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獲罪於天,無所禱也。<br />
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又說:<br />
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敬鬼神而遠之。<br />
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老子說:<br />
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以道蒞天下,其鬼不神。<br />
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《論語》又記一事最有意味:<br />
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子疾病,子路請禱。子曰:「有諸?」子路對曰:「有之。誅曰:『禱爾於上 下神抵。」』子曰:「丘之禱久矣。」<br />
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子路尚且不能瞭解這個不禱的態度,何況那尋常民眾呢?在這些方面,對於一 般民間宗教,孔老是站在一條戰線上的。<br />
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我們在這裡,還可以進一步指出老子、孔子代表的儒,以及後來分家以後的儒 家與道家,所以都不能深入民間,都只能成為長施階級的哲學,而不能成為影響多 數民眾的宗教,其原因也正在這裡。<br />
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汪中曾懷疑老子若真是《曾於問》裡那個喪禮大師,何以能有「禮者忠信之薄 而亂之首」的議論。他不曾細細想想,儒家講喪禮和祭禮的許多聖賢,可曾有一個 人是深信鬼神而講求祭葬禮文的?我們研究各種禮經禮記,以及低語》《檀引等書, 不能不感覺到一種最奇怪的現狀:這些聖人賢人斤斤的討論禮文的得失,無論是拜 上或拜下,無論是麻冕或純冕,無論是經裘而吊或襲裘而吊,甚至於無論是三年之 喪或一年之喪,他們都只注意到禮文應該如何如何,或禮意應該如何如何,卻全不 談到那死了的人或受弔祭的鬼神!他們看見別人行錯了禮,只指著那人嘲笑道:<br />
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夫夫也!為習於禮者!<br />
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他們要說某項節文應該如何做,也只說:<br />
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利也。<br />
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就是那位最偉大的領袖孔子也只能有一種自己催眠自己的祭祖哲學:<br />
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祭如在;祭神如神在。<br />
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這個「如」的宗教心理學,在孔門的書裡發揮的很詳盡。《中庸》說:<br />
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齋明盛服以承祭北,洋洋乎如在其上加在其左右。<br />
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《祭義》說的更詳細:<br />
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齋之日,思其居處,思其笑語,思其志意,思其所樂,思其所嗜。齋三日,乃 見其所為齋者。祭之日,入室,慢然必有見乎其位;周還出戶,肅然必有聞乎其容 聲:出戶而聽,俄然必有聞乎其歎息之聲。<br />
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這是用一種精神作用極力催眠自己,要自己感覺得那受祭的人「如在』哪兒。 這種心理狀態不是人人都訓練得到的,更不是那些替人家治喪相禮的職業的儒所能 做到的。 所以我們讀《檀引所記,以及整部《儀柳村L記》所記,都感覺一種不真 實的空氣,《檀引裡的聖門弟子也都好像《士喪禮》裡的夏祝商祝,都只在那裡唱 戲做戲,台步一步都不錯,板眼一絲都不亂,——雖然可以博得「吊者大悅」,然 而這裡面往往沒有一點真的宗教感情。就是那位氣度最可愛的孔子,也不過能比一 般職業的相禮祝人忠厚一等而已:<br />
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於食於有喪者之側,未嘗飽也。<br />
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喪事不敢不勉,不為酒困。<br />
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子於是日哭,則不歌。<br />
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這種意境都只是體恤生人的情緒,而不是平常人心目中的宗教態度。<br />
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所以我們讀孔門的禮書,總覺得這一班知禮的聖賢很像基督教《福音》書裡耶 穌所攻擊的猶太「文士」 (Scribe一和「法利賽人」(Phdrisees)。(「文士」 與「法利賽人」都是歷史上的派別名稱,本來沒有貶意。因為耶穌攻擊過這些人, 歐洲文字裡就留下了不能磨滅的成見,這兩個名詞就永遠帶著一種貶意。我用這些 名詞, 只用他們原來的歷史意義, 不含貶議。)(天主教新譯的《福音》皆譯作 「經師」和「法利塞人」。「經師」之名遠勝於「文士」。適之)猶太的「文全」 和「法利賽人」都是精通古禮的,都是「習於禮」的大師,都是猶太人的「儒」。 耶穌所以不滿意於他們,只是因為他們熟於典禮條文,而沒有真摯的宗教情感。中 國古代的儒,在知識方面已超過了那民眾的宗教,而在職業方面又不能不為民眾做 治喪助葬的事,所以他們對於喪葬之禮實在不能有多大的宗教情緒。老子已明白承 認「禮者忠信之薄而亂之首』了,然而他還是一個喪禮大師,還不能不做相喪助葬 的職業。孔子也能看透「喪與其易也寧成」了,然而他也還是一個喪禮大師,也還 是「喪事不敢不勉」。他的弟子如「堂堂乎」的子張也已宣言「祭總敬,喪思哀, 其可已矣」了,然而他也不能不替貴族人家做相喪助葬的事。苦哉!苦哉!這種知 識與職業的衝突,這種理智生活與傳統習俗的矛盾,就使這一班聖賢顯露出一種很 像不忠實的體化意味。<br />
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我說這番議論,不是責備老孔請人,只是要指出一件最重要的歷史事實。「五 百年必有聖者興」,民間期望久了,誰料那應運而生的聖者卻不是民眾的真正領袖: 他的使命是民眾的「彌賽亞」,而他的理智的發達卻接近那些「文士』與「法利賽 人」。他對他的弟子說:<br />
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未能事人,焉能事鬼?<br />
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未知生,焉知死?<br />
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他的民族遺傳下來的職業使他不能不替人家治喪相禮,正如老子不能不替人家 治喪相禮一樣。但他的理智生活使他不能不維持一種嚴格的存疑態度:<br />
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知之為知之,不知為不知,是知也。<br />
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這種基本的理智的態度就決定了這一個儒家運動的歷史的使命了。這個五百年 應運而興的中國「彌賽亞」的使命是要做中國的「文士」階級的領導者,而不能直 接做那多數民眾的宗教領袖。他的宗教只是「文士」的宗教,正如他的老師老確的 宗教也只是「文士」的宗教一樣。他不是一般民眾所能瞭解的宗教家。他說:<br />
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君子不憂不懼。內省不疲,夫何憂何懼2<br />
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他雖然在那「吾從周」的口號之下,不知不覺的把他的祖先的三年喪服和許多 宗教儀節帶過來,變成那殷周共同文化的一部分了,然而那不過是殷周民族文化結 婚的一份陪嫁妝奮而已。他的重大貢獻並不在此,他的心也不在此,他的歷史使命 也不在此。他們替這些禮文的辯護只是社會的與實用的,而不是宗教的:「慎終追 遠,民德歸厚矣。」所以他和他的門徒雖然做了那些喪祭典禮的傳人地們始終不能 做民間的宗教領袖。<br />
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民眾還得等候幾十年,方才有個偉大的宗教領袖出現。那就是墨子。<br />
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墨子最不滿意的就是那些儒者終生治喪相禮,而沒有一點真摯的尊無信鬼的宗 教態度。上文所引墨者攻擊儒者的四大罪狀,最可以表現儒墨的根本不同。《墨子 ·公益》篇說:<br />
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公孟子曰:「無鬼神。」又回:「君子必學祭祖。」<br />
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這個人正是儒家的絕好代表:他一面維持他的嚴格的理智態度,一面還不能拋 棄那傳統的祭把職業。這是墨子的宗教熱誠所最不能容忍的。所以他駁他說:<br />
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執無鬼而學祭禮,是猶無客而學客禮也,是猶無魚而為魚否也。<br />
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懂得這種思想和「祭如在」的態度的根本不同,就可以明白墨家所以興起和所 以和儒家不相容的歷史的背景了。<br />
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二十三·三·十五開始寫此文<br />
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二十三·五·十九夜寫成初稿<br />
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<br />人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-85904862017980184472024-03-11T16:57:00.000-07:002024-03-11T16:57:53.151-07:00胡適引句 "如今 我們回来了,你們請看,要換个樣子了!" 疑案....林語堂先生的"我最難忘的人物--胡適之先生" 他在文中已指出出處 我一直沒有時間去查 Reader Digest 的原文<p> 胡適引句 "如今 我們回来了,你們請看,要換个樣子了!" 疑案....林語堂先生的"我最難忘的人物--胡適之先生" 他在文中已指出出處 我一直沒有時間去查 Reader Digest 的原文</p><h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 22px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">. " 胡適用幾本英中文查了Iliad,xviii,I.125. 都找不到 "如今 我們回来了,你們請看,要換个樣子了!" 所以這是疑案 之後讀了林語堂先生的"我最難忘的人物--胡適之先生" 他在文中已指出出處 我一直沒有時間去查 Reader Digest 的原文....." https://hcmemory.blogspot.com/2013/01/0123-2013.html</h3>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-56606434098469912272024-03-10T01:14:00.000-08:002024-03-10T01:14:04.695-08:00<p> 「魯迅左翼」的倫理:</p><p>從同路人到獨立左翼</p><p><br /></p><p>錢永祥</p><p> </p><p>一、前言</p><p>記得是在2009年,我在主持錢理群先生在台北的一次演講時,第一次聽到了「魯迅左翼」一詞。當時雖然有所觸動,但是並沒有跟著錢先生的解說去進一步追索研究,只是擱在心裡。最近讀到錢先生所「選評」的王得后先生文集《魯迅研究筆記》 ,所選的五輯文章中第四輯談「魯迅文學與左翼文學的異同」。當年錢先生在台北演講時,已經說明了這個觀念來自王得后先生。如今有機會讀到王先生關於魯迅左翼的原始文章,自然倍感興奮。拜讀了王先生的書之後,我接著又讀錢理群先生本人關於魯迅左翼的發揮,特別是《魯迅與當代中國》 裡所收當年他在台北的演講。</p><p>我對魯迅的作品只是一般的閱讀,並不曾真下功夫研究。對魯迅跟當年左翼文學圈、跟中共的關係所知只是皮毛,更不曾深入幾十年積累下來的浩瀚魯迅研究文獻。所以我身在「魯迅研究」的行外,談魯迅更多是為了藉魯迅開展一些一般性的問題,而不是「魯迅研究」。我要特別關注王、錢兩位先生所談的「魯迅左翼」,直接的原因是,我跟王、錢兩位先生有些過往,對他們一向尊敬。他們身為新中國的第一代大學生,經歷建國以來一場接一場的風雨,目睹新中國歷史的各幕,可以說是中國最經淬鍊的一代知識分子。這一代人跟中國革命的關係太緊密,他們的人生跟國史同步,於是不得不保有一份連結,但是他們也經常是看得更深、更透的批評者。我認為,由他們來談左翼,藉著「魯迅左翼」發揮他們自己對左翼的觀點,當然值得重視。</p><p>另一層原因則是,我自己對「左翼」作為思想,作為政治運動,一直有一份關注。我在年輕的歲月種下了左翼的興趣,相信某種左翼的理論或者綱領可以回答我對於現實的許多困惑。經過一些探索,我接觸過的各種左翼版本似乎都無法讓我滿意或者放心;我甚至於不敢確定,「左翼」在21世紀的今天是否還是一個有意義的概念。不過我不願意輕言否定或者拋棄;我仍然相信左翼的存在有其真實的社會基礎,而左翼凝聚著一種樸素的人道主義熱情,也是亂世中寄託人性價值的一座磐石。到今天,我的學術工作仍然偏向用左翼設定的價值去詮釋、解讀自由主義。但20世紀左翼運動的浩劫性失敗,也提醒我左翼的倫理意識特別需要重新整理省視。這應該是在今天談「左翼」不能忽視的一個面向。在這方面,我相信魯迅左翼能提供一些參考。</p><p>當然,魯迅的左翼意識屬於中國的30年代;他所面對的左翼問題也屬於1920-30年代世界左翼革命的時代。那種環境之下的「左翼」概念,已經無法直接移用到今日。不過在革命的年代,各種考驗愈是真實,於是各種左翼的線條跟輪廓也愈是清晰。用一個相對清晰的時代來對比今天的曖昧含糊,多少還是有一些啟發的。</p><p>二、「魯迅左翼」:王得后與錢理群的重建</p><p>魯迅並不曾發展出一套完整的左翼理論或者論述;他也不會以綱領的形式宣揚自己的左翼觀點。這些都不是他的習慣。那麼「魯迅左翼」的具體內容是什麼?王、錢兩位熟讀魯迅的著作,引述了大量的文本佐證,並且提供了自己的闡釋,整理出了魯迅的左翼觀點,堪稱系統而且深刻。</p><p>王得后先生眼中的魯迅左翼倫理,核心的觀念是「立人」,追求「全面的人性,理想的人性」,或可理解為「讓人成為人」。這裡的「人」並不是某種高抬人類地位的人類崇拜。相反,魯迅深受達爾文進化論的影響,人首要是一種生物,「第一要緊的是生命」。生命所要求的則是生存、溫飽,以及發展。這些都是平實的人性需求,卻正是魯迅的立人理想所在。生存與發展要追求個性的張揚、個人的發展,因此也要針對妨礙生存、溫飽與發展的勢力展開戰鬥。魯迅的「立人」目標非常樸素平實。從「立人」思想出發,抨擊眼前的各種壓迫,所用的形象語言是主子與奴隸、闊人和窮人、吃人者和被吃者。</p><p>1920年代後期,魯迅接觸到了馬克思主義,接受了經濟史觀和階級鬥爭等觀點,他原先的立人思想也轉而改用馬克思主義的詞彙來表達。在認識馬克思主義之前,魯迅用奴隸、吃人等等一般性的字眼,批判各種壓迫人性,阻礙「立人」的力量和制度。一旦掌握了馬克思主義的理論工具,他改用階級的概念,不僅賦予各種壓迫更為明確的社會、經濟內容,並且也用階級鬥爭的概念表述反抗跟戰鬥。這個轉變,明確標誌著他進入了馬克思主義的左翼立場。但是轉變前後,他站在受壓迫者立場這一點並沒有改變。魯迅是在「立人」的思想基礎上接受馬克思主義的,因此他的左翼立場包含著一些屬於他自己的限定,跟當時的中共式的左翼有一些分歧,甚至於引發激烈的衝突。</p><p>王得后先生整理魯迅的左翼思想,得出了幾項特徵。</p><p>第一,魯迅完全接受了階級論,卻不是唯階級論。關於文學的階級性,乃至於人的階級性,魯迅的觀點是「以為若據性格感情等,都『受支配於經濟』之說,則這些就一定都帶著階級性。但是『都帶』,而非『只有』。」換言之,魯迅承認階級乃是一定歷史階段的必然產物,對人性造成了重大的影響;但在階級性之外,不能不承認人性的存在。階級的壓迫、剝削窒息了人性,而從事階級鬥爭,為的正是恢復和發揚人性。</p><p>其次,魯迅認同革命,尤其是無產階級的革命,但是他對革命的手段、目的、性質,都有自己的想法。魯迅眼中當時左聯的左翼以為打打殺殺,消滅敵對階級即是革命。但魯迅強調,「革命並非叫人死而是叫人活的」。王先生認為這句話是「魯迅獨特而卓越的思想,也是切中中國革命的要害的思想。」魯迅自己親歷的歷史情狀是,「革命,反革命,不革命。……革命,革革命,革革革命,革革……」。這是一種盲動而虛無的革命觀,不是求解放被壓迫者,而是求消滅敵人,取而代之。魯迅珍惜生命,「我們自己想活,也希望別人都活」。何況激進的革命未必是真誠的革命:「激烈得快的,平和得也快,甚至於也頹廢得快。」</p><p>第三,魯迅選擇了暴力反抗和暴力革命。但是他強調,暴力帶有「被迫性」,「立意在反抗」,暴力革命是在壓迫之下的必然反應。但是暴力本身,魯迅認為並不是好事情。因為暴力反抗的代價太高,成果有限,同時暴力會激發人的仇恨跟殘暴性。暴力必然有所破壞,乃至犧牲人的生命,所以魯迅戒慎恐懼。他要「革新的破壞者,因為他們內心有理想的光」;不要「寇盜奴才」,只求取而代之或者「占些小便宜」的暴力。</p><p>第四,魯迅的歷史觀深受進化論的影響,強調過程即是一切,不接受歷史的終結或者有其終極目標,反而強調「在進化的鍊子上一切都是中間物」。因此他不設計關於未來「黃金世界」的行為法則,不相信有「止於至善」的革命。即使革命之後實現了無階級的社會,歷史也不會停止。另一方面,他也因此把自己看成中間物,希望自己的思想「速朽」,「世界絕不和我同死,希望是在於將來的」。他毫無霸占世界的氣息。</p><p>綜合言之,王得后先生筆下的「魯迅左翼」雖然認同革命,但這種革命觀有四項特點:革命只是局部的(革命旨在消除階級壓迫,但不等於實現完整的人性),革命只是工具(革命追求人的解放,革命本身並不是目的),革命帶來倫理的質疑(革命的暴力帶來倫理的難題,必須警惕),以及革命只是過渡(任何革命都只能創建中間物,不會達到終極的黃金世界)。簡單說,王得后先生筆下的魯迅,雖然接受了馬克思左翼的基本主張,卻在關鍵點上都加了限定。結果魯迅左翼跟黨版馬列主義大異其趣,相去不可以道里計。</p><p>錢理群先生早在他的《北大演講錄》 裡,已經討論過魯迅跟創造社、太陽社的激烈論戰,整理魯迅對這些激進左翼人物的嘲諷和批評。當時錢先生並沒有用到「魯迅左翼」一詞,不過他的著重點就是魯迅對於「革命」以及「民眾」兩個左翼概念有自己的認知,跟當時的左翼「革命知識階級」有很大的不同。</p><p>到了錢先生在台灣講「魯迅左翼」的時候,他的表述更為系統。在演講中他從四個面向,分析他心目中的「魯迅左翼」。</p><p> 一、永遠不滿意現狀,因此是永遠的批判者,保持黨外、體制外的獨立性和主體性。</p><p>二、永遠站在平民的一邊,也就是站在被壓迫者的一邊。</p><p>三、強調實踐、行動,和學院裡的左翼有其差別。</p><p> 四、身為「歷史的中間物」,自己亟需批判,別人「打鬼」,魯迅「鬼就在我心中」。</p><p>我們可以說,錢先生筆下的魯迅左翼,所突出的是革命者本身的一些特色,這包括了他們的批判態度,跟被壓迫者站在一起,重視實踐與行動,以及身為「中間物」的過渡角色。</p><p>綜合兩位先生的描述,所謂魯迅左翼,主要是提出一種對左翼革命這件事的看法,也勾勒出這種左翼革命者本身的精神特色。它跟一般所理解的左翼不同,並不是一套革命理論;事實上,魯迅本人並沒有提出完整的革命理論,沒有設定革命的主體,沒有關於革命終極目標的想像,他當然也不會有最起碼的政治綱領。這種左翼接受了馬克思主義,卻又對馬克思主義的革命觀提出了幾個方面的限制。魯迅的左翼觀點,與其說是一種政治立場,更像是一種對左翼政治本身,以及各種左翼政治立場的態度。這裡所謂的「態度」,我解讀為魯迅左翼的倫理意識。</p><p>三、「左翼」的倫理?</p><p>細想一下,如果把左翼限定在馬列主義,那麼「左翼的倫理」乃是一個曖昧甚至於矛盾的概念。左翼當然帶有明顯的道德性格。左翼的動力是一種強烈的道德熱情,同情弱者,對社會的不公義感到憤慨。左翼的目標,高懸公平正義,打倒壓迫與剝削,也以理想性為特色,具有強烈的道德色彩。在基本動力以及終極目標兩個方面,左翼的主要訴求都包含著濃烈的道德氣息。愈是激進的左翼,其動機和目標的道德性格也更形高亢刺耳。</p><p>但是另一方面,左翼卻又排斥道德,對社會上的種種道德觀,抱持著嘲諷、批判的態度,認為一切道德規範其實都屬於上層支配結構的一部分,是統治階級的意識形態工具,支撐自身的霸權地位,不僅對弱勢者不利,並且哄騙他們繼續接受壓迫,麻痺反抗的意志。愈是激進的左翼,對主流道德的不信任和對抗也更形激烈而徹底。換言之,左翼並不輕易認同「倫理」或者「道德」;反而。在馬克思、恩格斯的著作中,隨處可以見到他們對近代的各種道德觀念例如人權、正義、平等之屬,都是嘻笑怒罵,嘲諷以對的。</p><p>這種情形,英國學者陸克斯稱為馬克思主義的「詭論」:一方面強調自身所追求的目標具有高度的道德性,賦予自身高度的使命感,甚至於挾帶著一種道德優越感;另一方面卻質疑一般的道德,特別是不承認道德可以拘束他們的革命事業。 這中間的矛盾,到了革命政治的行動時刻,往往形成了一種目的跟手段的分裂:革命的動機跟目的是設法實現再無壓迫與剝削的美好世界,因此道德色彩濃厚;可是手段上卻可以無所不用其極,拒絕任何道德的拘束。在當年,布爾什維克革命時採取激烈的手段,從農村的血腥集體化,古拉格體制,特別是到了斯大林時代的大清洗以及莫斯科大審,引起了外界的許多批評。指責之一,就是布爾什維克高舉革命目標的神聖,將革命高度道德化,行動上卻是不擇手段,違反了一般的道德規範。以革命的目的為名,「為了目的不擇手段」,成為許多人批評布爾什維克的理由之一。</p><p>以真正布爾什維克自居的托洛茨基,身為斯大林主義的受害者,接下了這個問題。他認為道德確實分成兩種:但區分並不是「目的的道德」跟「手段的道德」割裂,而是「他們的道德」跟「我們的道德」的截然不同。 布爾什維克基於唯物論,認為道德必然帶有階級的性格,在資本主義時代,主流的道德觀為資產階級服務,維繫著資本主義的剝削體制,這些都是「他們的道德」,對於革命者當然沒有拘束力。至於「我們的道德」,也就是馬克思主義政黨的革命倫理,並不是「為了目的不擇手段」的。革命者的道德是:「凡是真正趨向於人類之解放的手段,都是允許的。」他的行為規範,來自社會發展也就是階級鬥爭的法則,允許甚至於要求一切有利於工人階級解放的手段,但是鄙棄那些分裂工人階級、破壞鬥爭意識的手段。換言之,托洛茨基認為,「我們的道德」是一種很明確的道德;它並不是「為了目的不擇手段」,而是「根據目的決定手段」;既然它的目標在道德上是正當的,因此達成這個目標所需要的手段在道德上也就是正當的。</p><p>正如當年的杜威以及後來的陸克斯針對托洛茨基的批評所言,這種辯詞有兩個問題。第一,革命行動的後果,跟採取這個行動時想要達成的目標,並不是同一件事;為了追求革命的目標所採取的一件行動,得到的後果很可能是相反的、甚至於嚴重錯誤的。而托洛茨基之所以天真地相信革命的目標跟後果是同一回事,只是因為第二,他深信「一切法則的法則──階級鬥爭的法則」,保證了「目的與手段之辯證式的相互依存」,也就是既保證了革命的目標可以清楚地證明手段是對的,也保證了這個手段確實可以實現革命的目標。但是左翼革命的歷史跟高昂的代價顯示,「階級鬥爭的法則」不會有這種神奇的效果:目的決定手段,但是手段所帶來的後果,跟目的之間的關係是完全不確定的。布爾什維克式的左翼認為自己有一套「我們的道德」。但是這套道德並沒有擺脫上面所說的「馬克思主義的詭論」,也就是在高度道德化的目的,跟不受道德節制的手段之間的緊張矛盾。 我們要如何瞭解這種明顯矛盾的道德心態呢?</p><p>四、「同路人」:魯迅的左翼定位</p><p>魯迅本人並沒有對「階級鬥爭的法則」表示過懷疑,不過他也不會以唯物史觀為根據,全盤接受階級革命的目的和手段。他當然支持無產階級的革命,但是如前面我根據王得后先生的說法所綜合出來的四點,魯迅式的左翼對革命分別在其局部性、工具性、倫理性,以及過渡性四個方面有所限定跟保留。這些限定跟保留,已經表示魯迅對唯物史觀以及階級鬥爭的接受是有限度的。如果如此,那麼魯迅左翼還能算是一種「左翼」嗎?這樣的「左翼」,又是用什麼樣的倫理態度,去看自己的左翼介入的?</p><p>晚近長堀祐造 以及楊姿 的著作,都指出魯迅的左轉深受托洛茨基《文學與革命》 一書的影響,從1925年開始,魯迅不僅進入了馬克思主義的理論,也從托洛茨基書中的「同路人」概念,找到了自己的定位。魯迅學界在多大的程度上接受「同路人魯迅」的說法,我身在行外,並沒有把握;王得后與錢理群兩位也不曾談過這個問題。不過我認為這個說法有一定的可信。而由於「同路人」的觀念有助於說明魯迅左翼的倫理,我願意把它作為一個暫時的假設。 </p><p>托洛茨基是這樣說明同路人的:</p><p><br /></p><p>他們全都接受革命,各人以各自的方式接受它。不過在各個不同的接受中,有一個共同的特點,將他們和共產主義分隔開來,且常使他們有反對共產主義的危險。他們不是將革命當作一個整體來把握的,而對共產主義的理想又格格不入。所以同路人的問題是:他會走得多遠? </p><p><br /></p><p>魯迅本人則這樣介紹同路人:</p><p><br /></p><p>同路人者,謂因革命中所含有的英雄主義而接受革命,一同前行,但並無徹底為革命而鬥爭,雖死不惜的信念,僅是一時同道的伴侶罷了。 </p><p><br /></p><p>長堀祐造跟楊姿認為,「同路人」這個概念給魯迅提供了重要的幫助。綜合他們兩位的意見,加上我自己的解讀,這可以分幾方面談。第一,如托洛茨基所言,同路人具有兩面性,雖然面向未來,但也回顧過去,甚至於保留著過去。因此「同路人」讓魯迅能夠坦然接受自己的身分定位:他出身舊社會,對舊社會雖然激烈批判,卻並不否定身上的舊社會、舊階級的烙印。相反,新舊之間的這種身分,反而讓他自許可以發揮積極的「中間物」功能,成為新舊之間的橋梁。其次,托洛茨基認為,同路人的文學,幾乎是蘇聯革命時期唯一可以稱道的文學成就;「清除了他們,我們還剩下什麼?」 他並不認為有所謂無產階級的文學,革命當下不會有,革命成功了進入無階級社會,由於已經消滅了階級區分,一樣沒有無產階級文學可言。托洛茨基對同路人的肯定,為魯迅以及他的許多文學同道找到了自身的正當性,可以坦然面對所謂革命文學家的攻擊。 第三,托洛茨基反對馬克思主義者對同路人採取「驕傲蠻橫態度」;他認為「藝術一定要走它自己的道路,運用它自己的方法。馬克思主義方法,與藝術方法並不是一個東西。黨領導無產階級,但不領導歷史的全部過程。」藝術領域「不是靠黨的號令行事的。」他要求黨在藝術方面的政策「清楚明白地規定自己的活動界限」,「寬廣而融通」,「不應該帶有小派別的惡毒意氣的」。黨能夠而且必須保護藝術與幫助藝術,尊重文學的自由和自主。 這完全符合魯迅最根本的內心自由與創作自由的信念,也幫他找到了自己和中共黨的不疏遠但也不必親近的關係。</p><p>五、「性格與氣質」:政治人的精神面貌</p><p>為什麼我要談到魯迅作為「同路人」的身分和定位?同路人有很多種,魯迅充其量只是其中的一類,遠不足以說明他的左翼有何特殊。但是魯迅找到自己的同路人身分,很大程度上是受到托洛茨基的影響。而托洛茨基在說明同路人跟布爾什維克左派的對比時,強調的差別之一,就是兩者在性格、氣質上的不同。我認為,魯迅在「性格與氣質」這一點上的獨特,正好跟革命左翼形成鮮明的對比。性格、氣質的不同包括了不同的倫理觀,一方面可以說明上述馬克思主義的道德詭論,另一方面也說明了魯迅左翼的獨特性格。</p><p>談到倫理觀,一般會著眼於一套抽離出來的道德原則,很少有人談到精神氣質的層面。但20世紀初葉,韋伯談政治倫理的時候,便認定不能從「是不是服膺一般道德法則」看政治倫理,而是從另外兩個角度評量政治行動:信念,以及後果,並由此提出了「訴諸信念的純潔高貴」以及「對後果負責任」的兩種政治倫理。從這個角度看,前面談到過革命左翼的道德詭論,確實抓到了革命左翼的弱點。韋伯對意圖倫理的批評,認為意圖不能保證後果,已經足以說明革命左翼無法用目的的道德性來為自己的手段辯解。托洛茨基的「我們的道德」,則是一種企圖將意圖跟後果混為一談的解套方式:由於唯物史觀「階級鬥爭的法則」的保證,意圖跟後果是注定合一的,從而革命理想跟革命行動的後果也是合一的。但是即使相信「階級鬥爭法則」的存在,誰能保證一件政治行動完全符合這套法則的要求呢?韋伯的後果倫理,相對忽視意圖跟信念,但是也不要求後果必須符合道德的要求。韋伯所要求的是:革命者不要去吹噓動機多麼純潔,理想多麼高貴,後果多麼輝煌偉大,而是要考慮到後果是自己所造成的,要對後果負起責任,承擔其代價。換言之,韋伯認為政治行動者本身的責任意識,負責任的心態,才是政治倫理的核心。</p><p>韋伯談政治倫理的角度,竟然切入了心態、意識的面向,可以幫助我們給魯迅的倫理觀找到定位。我認為,魯迅左翼跟革命左翼之間的區別,同樣不是在原則、意圖、結果這些屬於行動的層面上。這是因為,無論是原則、意圖,還是對後果的考慮,都是圍繞著行動而談的。但是魯迅左翼跟革命左翼的區別,並不在用這些角度可以描述的層次上,而是在行動者本身的心態、性格上。魯迅不是理論家,也不會抽象思考道德問題。他身為文學家,反而會注意到心態、性格的層面上,毋寧說是很自然的。</p><p>所以,我們必須跳出規則、動機以及後果這三方面的考量,而進入心態、性格(或者精神氣質)的層面,來了解左翼的倫理觀。確實,在政治立場、政治行動的背後,還有另一個範疇的問題有待探討。事實上,無論政治行動者是不是有固定的道德觀點,也無論他遵守哪些道德規範,行動者在行動中都會表現出自己的性格、情感、心態、做事情的方式,也就是他是一個什麼樣的人。最激進的職業革命家,其實正是最能貫徹一種革命者心態、性格的人。但是這一類問題,一般談政治倫理的時候很少受到重視。我們要如何從這類問題出發,理解魯迅左翼的特色呢?</p><p>最近讀到一位美國年輕學者契尼斯的新著《黑暗時代的自由主義:20世紀的自由主義氣質》 ,對上述「對政治的態度」,提供了一個比較複雜的思考架構,給了我一些啟發。契尼斯注意到,20世紀出現了一種新型態的政治運動,不惜以極端的暴力,追求極端崇高的理想,從人道主義出發,卻導致反人道的結局。18世紀法國大革命中的恐怖時期堪稱先行者,20世紀的共產主義和法西斯主義則是經典的例子。這一類運動的意識形態、主張、目標雖然南轅北轍,相差極大。不過積極參與這類行動的人,往往表現了一種契尼斯稱為「專注而無情」ruthlessness的心態或者說氣質,專注地追求某種終極的目標,某種最高的理想,即使代價是對他人或自己造成了嚴重的犧牲或者傷害,也毫無猶豫、懷疑、躊躇、懊悔。契尼斯認為,無論意識形態上的左右,凡是具有強烈理想主義、全心追求理想的人,都有可能沾染上這種「專注而無情」的心態。對比之下,自由主義則往往意識到了「節制」的必要:不僅在制度上設計了權力分置、法治、基本人權等障礙,也認為「有所節制」是一種針對個人性格以及為人處事方式的根本要求,鼓勵人們培養有所節制的習性。在契尼斯看來,「專注而無情」的態度,跟強調「節制」的政治態度,其實表現了兩種政治倫理,兩種從事「政治」這件事的態度。由於「政治態度」一詞過於含混,為了具體的分析,契尼斯借用了古希臘哲學的一個字眼,稱之為兩種「精神氣質」ethos。這個概念揭露了一些含義豐富的議題,有助於我們回頭去充實和發展「魯迅左翼」的含意。</p><p>從事政治需要考慮所謂的「氣質」嗎?政治的範圍很廣,包括了主張什麼學說、理論、意識形態,包括了制度的選擇跟安排,策略跟戰術的考量,說服和動員群眾,政治要分配利益,還要設法維繫和捍衛手裡的權力。但是,當一個人或者一群人在做這些事情的時候,他們難道不會表現出自己的心態、情感、性格,以及做事情的方式?不會表現了他的價值觀,他是如何判斷是非、對錯、好壞的?不會顯現出他對於自己作為政治參與者有什麼看法跟要求嗎?換言之,在從事政治的時候,除了上述那些政治活動本身之外,行動者的情感傾向,性格傾向,簡單說他是一個什麼樣的人,也在發揮著作用。但是這些問題,在政治哲學、政治理論裡不會受到注意。談政治氣質,正是要正面思考這些問題。</p><p>六、魯迅左翼與革命左翼的氣質差異</p><p>我用「性格與氣質」翻譯 ethos 這個字眼,未必能夠達意。契尼斯在書裡用到了諸如性格、風格、心態、性向、做事情的方式等一系列字眼,設法掌握一個人的精神面貌,最重要的就是這個人是什麼樣的一個人,什麼情感在推動著他,他是用什麼樣的態度和方式去從事政治行動。無論「性格與氣質」能不能達意,這個概念想要指出來的廣泛現象顯然很真實:政治行動者的精神氣質,確實會表現在他們的主張跟行動之中,甚至於決定了他們的信念,他們的作為。上面引用契尼斯所談的「專注而無情」,作為布爾什維克革命左翼的精神特徵,也並不離譜。</p><p>果然,在《文學與革命》書中,托洛茨基指出,十月革命的基本特點,羅列出來就是</p><p><br /></p><p>目的明晰,現實主義,思想發揮出物理的力,無情的一貫性(merciless consistency),路線的明確與堅定。可是這些特點完全不為「同路人」所理會(foreign to,對同路人來說是陌生而無法理解的)。這就是他們祇能成為同路人的緣故。 </p><p><br /></p><p>托洛茨基列出十月革命的基本特點,著眼點居然是布爾什維克的精神氣質,而不是任何馬列主義的信條。在另一方面,這些基本特點,跟契尼斯所描繪的「專注而無情」也若合符節。重要的是,托洛茨基雖然在一些方面相當肯定了同路人,卻也看出了同路人並不具有這種精神面貌;甚至於會排斥職業革命家的這些性格跟心態。</p><p> 那麼魯迅是不是在這個精神氣質的層面上拒絕了革命左翼呢?要真正回答這個問題,需要對魯迅的著作以及生平進行細緻、深入的分析。不過參考王得后、錢理群兩位整理出來的「魯迅左翼」對革命的態度,我相信肯定的答案雖不中亦不遠。魯迅自認是「黨外的布爾什維克」,接受了馬克思主義的主要學說,對中共的革命高度同情和支持。但是他自始至終不願意入黨,跟左聯的關係緊張,對左翼文學家的攻擊毫不遲疑地以嘻笑怒罵的方式猛烈反擊。換言之,他認同左翼的革命本身,卻不認同革命左翼的革命方式與革命作風。</p><p> 在這些態度的後面,魯迅這個人的政治氣質,跟托洛茨基所描述的布爾什維克氣質,構成了鮮明的對比。相對於目的的明晰,魯迅拒絕將革命的目的絕對化,掩蓋了人性的其他價值和理想;相對於現實主義,魯迅不會只考慮暴力、策略,和輸贏得失,無視道德和情感的要求;他也想要將思想當成武器,可是他仍堅持每個人思想的自主;至於「無情的一貫性」,魯迅的考慮總是太多,毫無英雄主義的心態;最後,在路線問題上, 無法想像魯迅謹守一條「路線」,特別是由黨所制定的路線。</p><p> 魯迅如何形成了這樣的政治氣質,是很難回答的問題。但一個關鍵,可能就在於他看事情總是從兩面性著眼:例如對於自己不能不追求的理想,他有所懷疑;對人民充滿憐憫和關懷,但經常擔心「暴民」和「愚民」;相信進化論,不過所謂「進步」似乎並不真實;甚至於他對自己也充滿懷疑,「我也吃過人」,一般的啟蒙思想家要「打鬼」,他卻要打自己心中的鬼。一個人如果把自己界定為「中間物」,認為一切都注定是中間物,有正與反、舊與新、好與壞、進步與異化等等兩面性,當然不可能秉持清晰的目的,明確而堅定的路線,「無情的一貫性」;他的政治氣質注定做不到「專注而無情」,而是有所節制,有所疑慮,無法「勇往直前」的。這些,構成了魯迅左翼的特色。</p><p>七、結語</p><p> 寫作這篇文章的動機很有限,只是想根據王得后、錢理群兩位所描述的魯迅左翼,提出一點自己的領會跟思考,作為今天想像「左翼」的一種參考。上文對魯迅左翼的理解跟描述,當然很浮面,很一般,對於「魯迅左翼」的倫理含意也許稍有體會,但是「魯迅左翼」在今天的環境之下究竟具有什麼政治意義和政治可能,我並沒有答案。在革命的時代,它有同路人這條從他人借來的道路可以走;到了後革命的時期,已經無路可同,魯迅左翼能不能從同路人進展成有現實意義的獨立左翼,就是很大的考驗了。</p><p> 不過文章得找個結尾,還是回到「氣質」。錢理群先生在談〈陳映真和「魯迅左翼」傳統〉時,引用了陳映真先生的一段話:</p><p><br /></p><p>從文學出發的左傾,從藝術出發的左傾,恐怕會是比較柔軟,而且比較豐潤,不會動不動就會指著別人說,是工賊、叛徒、是資產階級走狗,說魯迅的阿Q破壞了中國農民的形象,像那種極「左」的。我想我比較不會走向枯燥的、火柴一划就燒起來的那種左派。</p><p><br /></p><p> 錢先生引伸說:「魯迅大概也是屬於『比較柔軟,而且比較豐潤』的左派吧。」 魯迅是不是「柔軟、豐潤」,我想會很有爭議。我倒是認為,魯迅給許廣平信中的自我解剖,也許更能點出魯迅左翼的氣質所在,也值得今天的左翼參考:</p><p><br /></p><p>希望我做一點什麼事的人,也頗有幾個了,但我自己知道,是不行的。凡做領導的人,一須勇猛,而我看事情太仔細,一仔細,即多疑慮,不易勇往直前,二須不惜用犧牲,而我最不願使別人做犧牲,也就不能有大局面。 </p><p><br /></p><p> 王得后先生曾用毛筆將這段話錄寫送我。暫時,我就用魯迅這段話來作為本文的結語。</p><p><br /></p><p>錢永祥,中央研究院人社中心兼任研究員,並擔任《思想》總編輯。研讀政治哲學、近代思想史,以及道德哲學和動物倫理學。近年來回溯中國革命裡的「同路人」,尋找一種獨立左翼的倫理氣質。著有《縱欲與虛無之上》、《動情的理性》《人性之鏡:動物倫理的歷史與哲學》,翻譯過韋伯的兩篇「志業」演講、彼得辛格的《動物解放》等書。</p>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-49619843742541557112024-03-09T18:00:00.000-08:002024-03-09T18:00:10.362-08:00胡適:家事篇<p> 【新書上架】《胡適:家事篇》/江勇振 著</p><p><br /></p><p>「一世夫妻三年」──徽州俗諺</p><p>胡適跟江冬秀長達四十四年的婚姻,有五分之二的時間沒有生活在一起。</p><p> </p><p>胡適是近代中國對「國事、天下事,事事與聞」之第一人,</p><p>相對於此,他對自己的「家事」卻是漠不關心。</p><p> </p><p>胡適一輩子喜歡講他們徽州人「一世夫妻三年」的俗諺,即傳統徽州夫妻一輩子在一起生活的時間,加起來就只有三年到三年半。他自己在晚年坦承:「說來是不人道的。」當然,這「不人道」的說法,指的不是他自己,因為他一生當中總是會有一些「暫時的安慰」,甚至是長期的安慰。他說的「不人道」,指的是從前徽州在外討生活的夥計。但有意味的是,他這「不人道」的說法,是否也包括了那些夥計的妻子,還有江冬秀?</p><p><br /></p><p>胡適跟江冬秀長達四十四年的婚姻裡,有五分之二的時間沒有生活在一起。胡適是可以對江冬秀作得更「人道」一點的。胡適可能會說:「我不能」或「予不得已也。」實際上,他是不為也,非不能也。胡適不但對江冬秀「不人道」,且他不怎麼管家裡的事情,有時會弄得江冬秀拮据到不得不動用自己的私房錢,甚至是「連當帶欠」地過日子。他不關心孩子,用他自己的話來說:「我太不疼孩子了,太不留心他們的事。」三個孩子裡,素斐早夭;他最鍾愛的祖望跟他不親;他最不疼惜的思杜,則形同陌路。</p><p><br /></p><p>胡適是近代中國對「國事、天下事,事事與聞」之第一人,相對於此,他對自己的「家事」卻是漠不關心。本書透過幾乎未曾使用過的胡適日記、電報和私人信件等珍貴的檔案史料,來看他與家人之間的關係和相處。</p><p><br /></p><p>◎封面照片說明:</p><p><br /></p><p>胡適與妻子江冬秀合影,1930年。</p><p><br /></p><p>▎作者簡介</p><p><br /></p><p>江勇振</p><p> </p><p>台灣師範大學歷史系畢業,美國哈佛大學博士。美國印第安那州私立德堡(DePauw)大學歷史系退休。</p><p> </p><p>專書有:《張君勱傳》(台北商務,1979);Social Engineering and the Social Sciences in China, 1919-1949 (Cambridge University Press, 2001);《星星·月亮·太陽——胡適的情感世界》(聯經,2007;新星,2006;增訂版,新星,2012);《舍我其誰:胡適》:第一部:璞玉成璧,1891-1917(聯經,2011;新星:2011);第二部:日正當中,1917-1927(聯經,2013;浙江人民,2013);第三部:為學論政,1927-1932(聯經,2018);第四部:國師策士,1932-1962(聯經,2018);《蔣廷黻:從史學家到聯合國席次保衛戰的外交官》(聯經,2021);《楚材晉育:中國留美學生,1872-1931》(聯經,2022);《留美半生緣:余英時、錢新祖交鋒始末》(暖暖書屋,2022)。</p><p><br /></p><p>▎關於本書:</p><p>https://sunny-warm.wixsite.com/sawph-3/sh099</p>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-64589248495348576802024-03-02T08:14:00.000-08:002024-03-02T08:14:19.401-08:00【適之先生留下的三件心事——中央研究院同人祭胡適文】胡適紀念館 Hu Shih Memorial Hall<p> </p><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; 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var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="" dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1l90r2v x1swvt13" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id=":rk3q:" style="font-family: inherit; padding: 4px 16px 16px;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--primary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">【適之先生留下的三件心事——中央研究院同人祭胡適文】</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 1962年2月24日胡適過世之後,3月2日在極樂殯儀館舉行告別式,期間前來致意與撰文/聯哀悼者不知凡幾。其中有一篇登載於《文星》雜誌上,是由中研院同仁所撰祭文,以白話文娓娓敘述胡適的精神與遺產:</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 這是三月二日中央研究院同人公祭故院長胡適先生的祭文,有這樣幾個特點:一、此文代表一個團體,一個胡先生最後幾年直接領導的重要學術機構;二、此文揣想胡先生留下來的三件大心事,所見確有不平常的廣度和深度;三、此文不僅是用白話寫的,而且是新的文體表達了新的思想,表達了現代人的情感和精神。因此我們認為這是一篇極有歷史價值並且應當特別介紹的文獻。原文在三月一、二日僅經臺、港少數幾家報紙刊載,而且都不免有些錯落。我們經中研院同意,願重載此文,使它可以正確地流傳。——編著。</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span>適之先生留下的三件心事——中央研究院同人祭胡適文</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 適之先生!你的身體已永遠安息。你的英靈何處可以追尋?但你的思想和精神活在全國人的心裡。我們現在回憶你生平的奮鬪,揣想你留下來的三件最大的心事。我們要在全國人民面前把我們所想到的訴說出來,要拿我們所想到的與你平生的思想和精神對證。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 適之先生!在你的生命的最後幾個月裡,你的一段呼聲掀起你周圍的一陣思想的論戰。其實這只是幾十年來一個連綿的舊論戰的延續,你在這幾十年的論戰裡也只有一種不變不移的觀念。你最愛敬中國古代的聖人,但你最不愛浮誇遙遠的光榮;你也最看重中國近代的革命與進步,但你又最深知我們民族累積的弱點。你不斷的用世界的水準衡量我們民族的內心和物質的生活,所以在你七十歲的病中,和在你的青年壯盛的時代一樣,你都不怕逆著風向挺身高呼,你要國人痛切覺悟我們東方老文明的衰朽,你要國人熱誠賞識西方新文明的成就。我們懂得你的用心,你是要國人實踐孔子「知恥近乎勇」的格言,你是和手創民國的中山先生一樣,要喚起這個知識道德「都睡了覺」的民族。我們懂得你的刺耳驚心的言論不是對國家尊嚴的傷害,而是一個再造文明、復興民族的關鍵。我們更懂得,在你安息之前,你已看到了我們國家兢兢求存的業績,但你仍感到還要加上急起直追大步前進的雄圖。我們覺得這是你留下來的第一件最大的心事。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 適之先生!你的兩黨政治的主張已可算周知,但你的超黨的精神和觀點還沒有充分的發揚,正如你的自由呼號雖容易引起響應,你的容忍哲學卻不易得到真正的理解。我們記得,你在自由組黨運動的早期發表過你的「無黨政治」的理想。我們記得,你擁護組黨自由,你卻又宣佈你的信仰是「人民福利高於一切,社會生命高於一切」;你表明你的立場是即到自由組黨的時候你也「不加入任何黨去」。但我們又懂得你的無黨主義可絕不是發乎舊時代的個人不黨的情操,而是根據新時代的民主政治的原理。你不止判定現代民主政治的總趨向是國家意識的增高與黨派意識的降低;你還預言五權分立的憲法的實現將要大大減低政黨的作用,而使中國的制度形成「一個足為世界取法的特殊風範」。我們自然更懂得,你最深知道國家生存的首要基礎永遠是國民精神的團結,而不是分裂。你從始至終是用超黨派的精神支持自由組黨的運動;你的為了政治自由的奮鬪也從始至終是為了促進國民精神的和協。我們覺得這是你留下來的第二件最大的心事。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 適之先生!你生存之日的心魂雖常注在國家的全局,你自己一世的志願卻只是要為我們民族親手安置現代高等學術的根基。但從你的青年時代直到你的生命最後一刻,你不止懷抱著一個志願和目標,你還懷抱著一個等待實行的方法。你不止有一個從頭做起和長期努力的決意,你還有一個在短時間裡趕上世界水準取得學術獨立的計劃。你心裡的榜樣就是美國從學術落後的地位趕上舊大陸的歷史。你最景仰崇拜的人物就是你在美國的母校的捐資創辦人康南耳,是在美國首先把大學造成研究院的吉爾曼,是洗刷美國大學落後的恥辱,並且創了一個最自由的研究所典型的弗勒斯納。你看到的榜樣和你的夢想,就是把巨大的財力集中用在少數的目標上,把第一等的人材集中在少數學術研究的根據地;是一個大學在「開學之日」就被「公認為第一流」,是一個中國在十年之後就「必可以在現代學術上得著獨立的地位」。你的從不動搖的信念就是美國一份私人力量在教育上能倡導的風氣,能做到的事業,我們「一個堂堂的國家當然更容易做得到」,只要這個國家懂得高等學術是國家謀生存的必要工具。我們覺得這是你留下來的第三件最大的心事。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 適之先生!我們所想到的你留下來的這些大心事,都是要有最凝聚的精神和極高深的思慮才可以完成的事業。但我們也沒有忘了你還留下一個永不懈怠的工作者和一個永不畏懼的戰士的勤勞、勇敢與熱情。我們忘不了你一生為學術,為思想,為國家的種種的奮鬪,直到你最後一刻沒有停止的奮鬪。我們忘不了你愛的卡萊爾的也是弗勒斯納的箴言:「我燃燒才可以有用」;忘不了你愛的范仲淹的警句:「寧鳴而死,不默而生」;更忘不了你愛的也是你作的故事:唐僧玄奘「割肉度羣魔」的故事。你確然使我們懂得,文明的再造,民族的復興,不止要靠我們的思想與知識,而且要靠我們的人格——忘我的,向前的,不顧一切犠牲的人格。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 適之先生!我們,中央研究院的同人,這一羣知識工作者,都謹守你的尊重理智的教訓,在你的身體安息之後不敢放縱我們傷惻的感情。我們覺得我們應當想的只是失去了一個無比的領袖和導師,我們要如何朝著建設性的目標再往前進。但你的安息已造成了四面的悲涼氣氛,重感染著我們的心胸,使我們免不得懷想你的英靈,使我們掩不住工作同志與追隨者為你而生的哀痛!</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">圖片描述:〈適之先生留下的三件心事——中央研究院同人祭胡適文〉</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">圖片出處:1962年4月《文星》雜誌第54期</div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-38215170012196833752024-02-16T15:53:00.000-08:002024-02-16T15:53:17.209-08:00How to Cook and Eat in Chinese by Buwei Yang Chao,<h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;">百年難遇趣女子 王璞</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"><br /></span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"> 讀楊步偉《一個女人的回憶》,雖只是一女子以記流水賬似的筆法嘮叨她的家務事,且用的是有點疙疙瘩瘩的蘇州方言,但讓人拿起來就放不下。</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"> 因她是一位超級女中豪傑。九十二歲的人生妙趣橫生,橫說竪說都叫人拍案驚奇。她娘家夫家都是名門世族,書香門第。丈夫趙元任更是百年難遇的超人,享譽國際的文字大師,中國語言學的奠基人,精通六國外語,能講三十三種中國方言。還是一位音樂家。民國時期唱響全中國的那首<叫我如何不想她>,就是他作的曲。</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"> 這樣一個奇女子加大名士的夫妻檔,家中自然是高朋滿座勝友如雲。來往者豈止是無白丁,皆為各路英才。辛亥六君子之一譚嗣同是她祖父的學生,以身殉國時還是她大伯冒險去收的屍。民國首任總統黎元洪是她老爸的哥們,被童年的她當成大玩伴。到她家談笑風生的鴻儒們,不乏大名鼎鼎的一代宗師:王國維、梁啓超、陳寅恪⋯⋯</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"> 至於胡適、劉半農、傅斯年、梅貽琦一流人物,那都是踏破他家門檻的密友親朋,招引來成群結隊的士子英才,乃至於本來只上得廳堂的楊步偉醫生,只好下到廚房作羹湯。能人幹甚麼都是能人,她一下就練成烹飪大師,日日以美食招待各路來賓,動輒就是二三十人的大餐,一百五六十人的派對也不在她的話下。乾脆,她寫一本《中國烹調》,讓女兒譯成英文,丈夫校批,暢銷世界數十年。</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"> 你看,這本書豈止是「一個女人的自傳」,簡直頁頁都透着奇聞異見。</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"> 最令人嘖嘖稱奇的是,這女子風風火火,貌不驚人,性情如此剛烈,卻把婚姻經營得有聲有色,風調雨順。趙元任如此這般的一個超級奇才,卻唯其妻馬首是瞻,婦唱夫隨。四個女兒也都個個出類拔萃,俱成名校博士教授。不過這位老太君最為驕傲的是:「我一家人中連女婿沒有一個作官的,都在教育界上供職,唯一的就是三代中連女婿們有十八個金鈅匙獎,文學、科學、和算學。這是我們老友之一胡適之一向給我們獎譽的。」</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"> 他們鑽石婚時記者來採訪他們,問當年二十九歲的鑽石王老五趙元任為何窮追三十二歲的大齡剩女楊步偉,且六十年不變心,趙元任回答:「我從未見過象她這麼豪爽有趣的女子,她從來不說陳詞濫調。」</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><span style="font-size: 18.72px;"> 奇女子加上趣女子,這才是百年難遇。</span></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title"><br /></h3><h3 class="post-title entry-title">楊步偉《雜記趙家》<span style="font-style: italic;">How to Cook and Eat in Chinese </span></h3> <div class="post-header"> </div> 《雜記趙家》是奇書 有許多很有趣的見解<br /><br /><br />楊步偉《雜記趙家》台北:傳記文學 1978再版<br />《雜記趙家》的英文本<span style="font-style: italic;"> Family of CHAOS </span>by Buwei Yang Chao, Put Into english By Her Husband Yuen Ren Chao 收入《趙元任全集 第15卷 下冊 》北京:商務<br /><br /><br /><span><span><span style="color: #333333;"><span class="il">"趙</span>元任夫人楊步偉女士的英文<wbr></wbr>書:《中國人如何烹調與飲食》(<span style="font-style: italic;">How to Cook and Eat in Chinese</span>)。我們通常熟知楊步偉寫的《一個女人的自傳》<wbr></wbr>與《<span class="il">雜記</span><span class="il">趙</span><span class="il">家</span>》,卻很少人知道她的這本飲食之書。<wbr></wbr>這本書出版於一九四五年,時值戰爭結束,<span class="il">趙</span>氏夫婦居住在波士頓。<wbr></wbr>楊步偉的英文並不好,所以由女兒<span class="il">趙</span>如蘭譯為英文,<span style="font-weight: bold;">胡適撰寫前言</span>,<wbr></wbr>賽珍珠作序。 </span></span></span>"人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-43675414106065885822024-02-07T01:17:00.000-08:002024-02-07T01:17:53.094-08:00Google Search Console Team <br /><br /><br />Google Search Console Team <sc-noreply@google.com> <br />Unsubscribe<br /> <br />Feb 6, 2024, 9:00 AM (1 day ago)<br /> <br /><img src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/images/cleardot.gif" /><br /><img src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/images/cleardot.gif" /><br /><img src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/images/cleardot.gif" /><br /><br /><br />to me<br /><img src="https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/images/cleardot.gif" /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="https://notifications.google.com/g/p/ANiao5oeXgnwmbS-j79QryFo8blNahhW_8roob0ggGTH6v0oNPmV38UDBSnF2P5iUF0PZm-Ui0_2_ubGHcjEOt9T7MrSu45S39xmnuT4t5ysiTOz6sFQo-SApi5ZFebBIxhbpS3Bj0PK_Y4V5smW5gfFcLVo1xaGXZrw_ANimsjzMQu1TKGH-2QV1vS71EYaIhQ9pDCxkLiU-lBEJu9M9wmDnPhXsJhxGAOTaIkfsKnvUZylu3QNW_By9917bfsPZTe7BRO3Ivc7YFL9YOMhMsc9FGESwKu4F8ECogZLR-oIAM6ie15dOTL4t6FdVQmN-jMOJxhYRt1tyzj51aiVqQ4E3KiAx5q0e9MYIe71VmVkVOuz8Pgd7z4E8YFt6iSPnN8zx_R6be8r7mMxhlaHsptciT0uNrw8ncHK8sTdmnShw5lmqGTMDT4lrhuKTovoD-rMqWfRAOxMJhDh0PfN"><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NbzPcp4p2oaUm6CkaT9ACq2w11ZI597tDPgsK_eHmrcIsZych5zhDnHz44XvwJrPlXbynKsqBx474h9ND33OH11GVI2QhjOH57Fij1jKZW4rUalA4b34yR_4Zayd6E4ooV6dxkpCjwiKLw=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/trend_purple.png" /><br />New: Click to try <br />Search Console Insights<img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZmHjjDbKq4ZbEoDAXbh6cc-NIM2kPe71j_3qvpeHd_PaB2iCJwVeUbvMC-iEqOxzYql6heRy46-1RT8foMzFrXtbne4x1iFbNW1R7_3wusFYlsWrcc9jGn5VjrC1wc8MOa7ZrKfUn6V67s1A=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/chevron_purple.png" /></a><br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NakYoLZ01iBiQ3cGUkKHBHJf4d_yIfEDTAUr0qryVoW5FTU2eNW_VMv8DQReaGWxIa7X_ok5n3q0hzVy_-3enMka18f41KlPRg3e7xGiAbxSG2pn5TQ7oNRN2hgt_sv3wCAj3wVcqBJfRARVDtwo-BkIw=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/sc_logo_lockup-color.png" /><br />Your January performance<br />on Google Search<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NY4NnpT_0hO-8zGygs_TAOwUnGCGMhPpTBDh2BVKgk_PhvlP5Y2CXMsMSAiYtQ8_rnNhVmlzJ9gJcd0RAtxbJkYuSJTz8jAw0fp155IxAM7jrirhYwUVOjihmw=s0-d-e1-ft#https://www.google.com/s2/favicons?sz=32&domain=hushihhc.blogspot.com" /><br />hushihhc.blogspot.com<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZ6Qn573t8iveKC8YdqGDJ4ClljMKcIMeASaEUlKbNKaCFPJT-NouzNkGyIv1Dpf7MmEwd9LP0K4x9anwg20M8mRN8BhN9qEzKBkogBUO09AXtJmXJCEKtNJBbTfukcz_mYqubfJt4oyA=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/clicks_icon.png" /><br />440<br />Clicks (web)<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NahrWvdaPb4pHT6Lw8zK8o-z4zbvXKrICf4KeXUPSpxRbGI25WZ8HjgI-uhmM-HKppP1rkHuUJQknoxSksFsDHiWx8XWv3p8mcaKMJkqwz6fjihzc0hHvvGGCgB-nw1m8IRA3WKjk3PcNukO14r=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/impressions_icon.png" /><br />9.04K<br />Impressions (web)<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZE5sKfYK7-8O7C6Ii95r-xuZ8Ys5UN5ufQVU0lQUARpsMql-kFgAgScTckGau3jn4Y6KrPjRq37njQeILuEsH2CVddhNDIesxFYCxJyWYSniDmIzqgQBVCpMgU5Nv5gYFWRufk-2oNyyaQ6g=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/new_pages_icon.png" /><br />25<br />Pages with<br />first impressions<br />(estimated)<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NbzlOWHciXROG0DTUhTIA9WoQpLqFEIg5W4L6qmpr__hhTI9oALpj2D-ijWCBM2HzoZJQsv3pfoI44Mkl9Gm4qVpQPSxU_j87iANtkYTeFOyK5pgotOUijZmz0eBFepFfLT6AIqWc4HFWc=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/content_flag.png" /><br />Your content achievements<br />Top growing pages<br />Compared to previous month<br />Page<br />Clicks (web)<br />http://hushihhc.blogspot.com/2019/12/blog-post_63.html<br />+6<br /><br />http://hushihhc.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post_25.html<br />+5<br /><br />https://hushihhc.blogspot.com/2021/01/blog-post.html<br />+4<br />Top performing pages<br />Page<br />Clicks (web)<br />http://hushihhc.blogspot.com/2016/01/blog-post_17.html<br />21<br /><br />http://hushihhc.blogspot.com/2010/12/tennyson.html<br />13<br /><br />http://hushihhc.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post_5710.html<br />11<a href="https://notifications.google.com/g/p/ANiao5re4tK17qlNddC-mt2L_mZFcD7Nl9_EzIZoqMmtK3T1aTphSXChtMY_Csvip7UhWnsmMkflFbfEMi2Sfb7_4qmdxGaqJZmYk5w7SvbKgWWcDfc9Q1d8TLrvb2bcKdF-cVFcs5mYFzDVgWrV4DM-xuTY53WO-8O8zyTo9A5eO0-9QITRS7JsUu28EK3y2IQNPdVjOr4E5MWJ4Nd34Ef5lA7eBWedBUNcIDE3eiTxnl-sAvuPfcmg_pe2CoRGWBxObwlnCPZHf4x8IOFAW4Osu2OmjgOeKUZnYznJlaZNL1d3N1jUs-6olsny5AQRyNV_lPK2botcC85O_UaWA_W7QgIWQwoUM7SrbHaVJzlJ2XKh6MVFrOgK9u4IAFfRxepshhRg8ulDbGs-UoXbjlFk9-9ASf-rbZa9OxrjRlG8xsdqo07L5YsZyp0IQ0oRWoiR3veQgYqAHO1WoMgPWq1IIR3wZaho1JmnwgCDH2XiYdLlfFtaaa1_w4oGC3zQi8W5l5cyxCxCNB4679b8bOpZjsCJb39xlAC7xeRMUTE1iWhXkV_ijiMGJaxr7FPKHow">Full report <img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NYdXTzgFiSxqCLt59V4OTWoqQNvn3E6aCSuV7XX-XZRYzILWOG8c1S9YYBVz3jtP5Q79eTSQAuqWtkDOkz73yMo4pMWOpCzqdfjMzxgNhgWrj-Qhr7RusVsVI4etOxYsirpOz6v-k0TS5bbpDEZ=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/report_link_icon.png" /></a><br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NbIGBdtYkvKTIhvAtxv12sMjUesvuZBrE-PvgH5neVEVVQV4VuRjCo_rJf6U1MHkgbG1-GKDTPdFGnryCyuhVWe5ZVx0T1jYyYjRujHjPeN7uVt9b_d9KSxPHv6WbGGBH5qZc-t-ygRbjL4JtOF=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/search_blue_icon.png" /><br />How do people find you?<br />Top growing queries<br />Compared to previous month<br />to strive to seek to find and not to yield中文<br />+4 clicks (web)<br />顧獻樑<br />+2 clicks (web)<br />包德明<br />+2 clicks (web)<br />Top performing queries<br />Query<br />Clicks (web)<br />遠路不須愁日暮 老年終自望河清<br />4<br /><br />to strive to seek to find and not to yield中文<br />4<br /><br />顧獻樑<br />3<a href="https://notifications.google.com/g/p/ANiao5obXEYE1TRGnj2R-vJpK86pvgFV8HoYKkl-tAnE-fh3xmtQVqVwuIyLh4JzojqTuOlbT_qm1CgmbNkVXrTnPiycdi-OXDvVCbAVE_eKMgM3aWBw3HJYYhc7zoQMVZZfa5FUzMFALDgtAtdqv8qYuCn8FUfiFUtJz5OYWNBS-Kair9LuRm6PSooVd233FKagOuVIbVQo8ae1nzwnqIWgyu1cJthec8uFkm1nByNi_sU8NQdIzexT3RyqSwbdOwBV-FmTERaArGQVf3MLeTnpy4xXKS9xTeeqQkuybOg7E2WVrLeF7v4jJz1ZQKkjXNYEk1jKp5G_kSzNrRWhOjxZKrp6pZ6up2VK2xq8fRZRfeG4RvYfo1DzXdP_dclDlfuTo_URGnktogPL0jjmORLULU4c1pNL_Bbo4mNeOfybUqUWaunM9z11wD8AwIowPOwt3P0as0PU56ypcntzMFhD2TrP3NmjCDf1fzGlbnyWb4Laq3UPyzbEdjitd8pEGxKqT3hxmrUIRT-mrIiTs-lzTw8LIXdyaE-_uN4Tei22Vv4LRg7r_gipmldgqo2a9rcs488">Full report <img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NYdXTzgFiSxqCLt59V4OTWoqQNvn3E6aCSuV7XX-XZRYzILWOG8c1S9YYBVz3jtP5Q79eTSQAuqWtkDOkz73yMo4pMWOpCzqdfjMzxgNhgWrj-Qhr7RusVsVI4etOxYsirpOz6v-k0TS5bbpDEZ=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/report_link_icon.png" /></a><br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_Na03B-J2IFfazauDn9Uz8K3a-qy9z4_WXG--JhBFCIa2QUvymhq6Bhj2y9nx3hMXXLgBztwg-KcziOnmN1dX9jpVeQCQtlTCnGSoi3FlrlRc1Lv-W5RkQ3yNJuzhsl3X9Lau0PcPt6v2g=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/people_icon.png" /><br />Learn about your audience<br />Devices<br />By clicks (web)<br /><br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NY2v3BN3w5Z_MbxIEQaucrV7IwUm1lA43SQUW1IpYknM2MEDtbgp7vTNWMTJ-MzcQazWQ0afOxd2tS7JO2Wrg5qHRZZs9AUUWGUra0SfDCAVtAUBd4cFuTaUOTYsrY5K7GMHHEZiqDw9Mo=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/desktop_icon.png" /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NYDoTcIMaVt3MNR9Oq16b1-AlNHIYde9GYHZaBUB4Lmf6xEvsxNhOMOMHXjlstu4am9EftNih4SM1Dq5BDncW1lfwlkkMqSYTOIAotR8Op1dWhS3nw3agBjyGyKCwLkJKqM4JSBypIN=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/smartphone.png" /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_Na0MH5fBTwo4XuzbBhEkkQQwp3ZZro_6vMvlMp40KUsDy2_7AD-g--j3m_0IgOaZRneZ9aTzb4_F0BLfBaIItb70RWotdxpqEznQlPVrnt_Jml0xusyXlTUACHu3KTRvdKea0M=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/tablet.png" /><br />DesktopMobileTablet<br />22620014<a href="https://notifications.google.com/g/p/ANiao5q7-LifeJkkcVm4ed_Gbsg7EVsqzIbjxABKhqptrhXTZ4KGTxPZIB3VnLvPzB2qEnwKmLg7I6RojCCnpYzsHbGiCLMLUdE5BIyEp1WSoGOkzrS6WfSxBd3ZHuOm3dvgLlD148WYt16PvYlQDHgSSWT3KbYeMCeHHB917Wm-rgCph13ZH-z92Y1I8IMnN1eLiDfsQ2HFDgJ4NeDqppEK2wA8U2k7cA3w5garyP5Sfo0WG5-K5QMyyZWWyIJOz3KFicH4b8-QB-CQhl15mFxdN8-Eo0SKdQjvJHLNrvl8RYR-WkZAWR3bj_XTXtKLc0epQM4Ssuoy9c-TgNTkpRrohZbJjEpbd_4qhUChhuajyjyDPQuSOmS928GiQMq5xnOEiaEZvsTzcHjXwVKzmKryyUjwggWlVDJo73iW9w_dA5m3leFZxHfmxbT5qZKJy5BPD2FJCcIPyUG0w8TJwy4CsnwVDXyT6IBwb-NNptLVhTHlXWDI_njokx5wWQKwV_ccQ2oQzu4ayI_fbevR1L4b9w7WfD-ff_nBknLlcC9lop0LZVODY_xwyMuwBI7F">Full report <img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NYdXTzgFiSxqCLt59V4OTWoqQNvn3E6aCSuV7XX-XZRYzILWOG8c1S9YYBVz3jtP5Q79eTSQAuqWtkDOkz73yMo4pMWOpCzqdfjMzxgNhgWrj-Qhr7RusVsVI4etOxYsirpOz6v-k0TS5bbpDEZ=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/report_link_icon.png" /></a><br /><br />Top countries<br />By clicks (web)<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZgejq9z18eJaK2YPHioUNJzSIoibkaBVKdFV1PWkhEkmEl4XpHkeqmr5rwRiYp81wTVvkdp3t351bxMSY_6hW0eHVZ5mm5wkDocy2uuF6XEIZzlicHM-J7Z7Wl5meX_cjKMb_qGcE0_NzfALkZ86XETCZzrwg2NVHuc_pGQ8dvX1MjgZYHpg=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/country_flags/flag-for-taiwan_1f1f9-1f1fc.png" /><br />Taiwan<br />245<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NbCE_I-kePWU1VGdKUvtjfOHFs3F2nvx1Tc5cZonbKc_vcvmNAmxVAaSDPsZv34yszvHaPsc8Z6uloe57vL5UuD1Qpyqt1CEd5bR5kh7oNgLGFCi2wxhhNlGvMGX_zC9KRM2BL_d7CA1mi8ayB7wPFX7Dl3rNEtvDj0RUce8fhl0r0aO_sTM4ycIw=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/country_flags/flag-for-hong-kong_1f1ed-1f1f0.png" /><br />Hong Kong<br />57<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NbiZU2QEI2xdQBmPBZJ8VnWb7XKnCPJhYt-2ceOViy8dYxrbcsifSsNGhwqDRQVUbchWucu5huAqkCxmWBgJ3-43egBR9nAWM6pQOGA7b_8PoaqEqZHhkcb751TxiFSZbGvw9LizP1k6fquv2Kwix9WmZ97lCsVx2JvhCFFgwagKPwGmr8_-kKLNunA5CQ=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/country_flags/flag-for-united-states_1f1fa-1f1f8.png" /><br />United States<br />56<a href="https://notifications.google.com/g/p/ANiao5qOaCZF6YrjnJMtuuoV6P7F_B0XjlchQIz-k8WXyl7t6a59EpbylT_1poojYyUG8lRlHLJpeP9FmYLAtPLYF-Txw0ddlnP70BctdTqHMDL08S9n1hQJGew8d0BRVA7GJ-bu3DFpdFTDZZr4t_xuVCZt4_9iLVxqKZIpzrNGig07hgKJiQfS4FMcsoCt0pkY7LuFmvizfualZkRQ3xUaYrv_tIXokiZEVhd55zUB9n6RYW4Pdi5r3dUuqP-626lo_5WnMZB65uz-8SwNtpfLsT716PQ_PPjIKuGaS7av3JTLWm9ZvrwXOzrEz3CAm3byXqmmJ4kWeTC9AlV5IGUOLtJN-k7TVAxHpekHQoXcQAICoa4Hz_JAzrCDdBNgPJlRPHrvBTD4ZceuF0Ur2onM_xBIY9kYkiw3wDLnqyn4JpxVNLuuy9jDzZeqQdADnnv4KNy22fdsf5iQORePvculRtV5u2jRWh-Yphi_1-dw15PyrMwiqHAVxeUWRpmKLd_igDutm7QBkAtnPSI9JnFGLc_gA2BDMSUoeAKKNHmwl7hQV4wKBlPS0vMqsmwRjPDP">Full report <img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NYdXTzgFiSxqCLt59V4OTWoqQNvn3E6aCSuV7XX-XZRYzILWOG8c1S9YYBVz3jtP5Q79eTSQAuqWtkDOkz73yMo4pMWOpCzqdfjMzxgNhgWrj-Qhr7RusVsVI4etOxYsirpOz6v-k0TS5bbpDEZ=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/report_link_icon.png" /></a><br /><br />Google search type<br />By clicks<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NbUURlIIs0NsK6KQ_iRNVyobWyKNZxBBVnBuhH25P9oS0MT2TA7rA2vce61JB88ccSogHu_kjacntF7HuSmvg8sqE_5o2gxMcczpCcvs6t_y-fSSX2mP0s3QR40yO5oNRcM9HwWFyJ3qnlvwVCDxTZa=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/search_colored_icon.png" /><br />Web<br />440<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZ65Q-k1JquowWPfmKgQHHbc3Rn2-WL4zSFRdqaOElB7VdXIVo0qkYLj-Oj0rTdxcuWNgDncZ546ETMB_4u_hng3XdUMALj6EEbrmwGSSRuP3Z4qgApXexCuZr-ZD5mtYjErD28L00Y=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/image_icon.png" /><br />Image<br />14<br /><img src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_Na0bQCWe4CYU4t_kYq7lfQAp4akMLHxnx6W4gOdBwXW3IJmssjf93orKvFbPuzo_GaBnPQoIpX3slpthZnc8-SaqXSvsA7bdPUgt5VLH8r-J3WuTJ1SqzHybZfIvTQ4EvdxXw=s0-d-e1-ft#https://ssl.gstatic.com/search-console/scfe/content/sanmonthlyemail/video.png" /><br />Video<br />0<br /><img 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<b> 1953年6月"基督教大學籌備處正式成立於台北. 由杭立武先生擔任籌備處主任.徐可熛教授擔任執行秘書. 展開籌備工作."------</b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">洪銘水,林載爵等編《東海風</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東海大學的歷史》台中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">: </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">東海大學出版社,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">1995</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: SimSun; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">頁9</span><br />
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<b>東吳大學中國文學系系刊</b> 第一期 1975 影印<br />
內有系主任徐可熛先生的題刊名和兩頁手書"弁言" (發刊辭)當時他在榮總.....<br />
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</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: large;">
1961.12.9<br />
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徐可熛電話.......先生說"我能找到像公起這樣的人來科學會幫忙 完全是你的關係".....<br />
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胡適-徐可熛信一通<br />
<span class="st"><i>徐可熛</i>致錢思亮〈吳大猷對長科會問題之建議〉</span></span></blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />
<span class="st"><i>徐可熛</i>,1903~?,字公起。浙江鄞縣(寧波)人...... </span><br />
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</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span face="新細明體"><span style="font-size: large;">徐可熛先生去英國,也帶了兩個轎夫去。但扛著轎子上了街才發現不妥,隨即下轎步行,把兩轎夫遣回了。</span></span></blockquote>
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<a class="l" href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=44&ved=0CFoQFjADOCg&url=http%3A%2F%2Ftea.wordpedia.com%2Fteawebsite%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fcategory%3D1%26book%3D761&ei=yry4T9ePG-nXmAX-8u2gCQ&usg=AFQjCNHnfr0qCeDJSJYdyAqp5VSTbEIpdw"><span style="font-size: large;">台灣學術書知識庫(Taiwan Ebook Academia)</span></a></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="st">一五、<i>徐可熛</i>函送馬錫爾董事「移倫敦料款作留學經費建議書」...... 附件:移倫敦料款作留學經費建議書. 一六、中英文教基金會呈請行政院與英方接洽留英經費事(民國.</span><br />
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<span class="st"> </span><span class="st">1 <i>徐可熛</i>:〈談庚款憶騮公〉,《傳記文學》,29卷6期,頁30;譚慧生:〈朱家驊與中英庚款會〉,. 《朱騮先傳記資料》,頁549;〈朱家驊先生傳略〉,《朱家驊先生逝世紀念冊》</span><br />
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</span><table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1"><tbody>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#D0B76C" width="90"><span style="font-size: large;">姓名</span></td><td bgcolor="#DED0A7"><div style="line-height: 180%;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>徐可熛</b></span></div>
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<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#D0B76C"><span style="font-size: large;">部門</span></td><td bgcolor="#DED0A7"><span style="font-size: large;">教育部國際文化教育事業處</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#D0B76C"><span style="font-size: large;">職務</span></td><td bgcolor="#DED0A7"><span style="font-size: large;">處長</span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#D0B76C"><span style="font-size: large;">出生年月</span></td><td bgcolor="#DED0A7"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" bgcolor="#D0B76C"><span style="font-size: large;">任職時間</span></td><td bgcolor="#DED0A7"><span style="font-size: large;">民國 38年9月 至 38年11月 </span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span id="lbl_Page"><b>東吳中研所</b>以研究「中國文學」為宗旨,不治經學,所開課程主要在純文學領域內.....那時<b>第一任所長徐公起老師</b>親自教文學理論,並從台大請來臺靜農老師教小說,鄭騫老師教詩詞曲,張敬老師老師教戲劇,還
有政大閔孝吉老師的古文、王夢鷗老師的文學概論、故宮昌彼得老師的版本目錄學,以及老師的指導教授金榮華先生。這些教授都是國學界重量級的學者,他們的風
範給王老師很大的影響。頌梅老師覺得一路回想起來,「一個人在年輕時有如許美好的人物讓你敬仰,真的很幸福。」頌梅老師很珍惜他們給的一切,並覺得那是人
生中最珍貴的資產。她常想,也許我永遠無法超越他們,那麼,就只能將他們給我的某些東西傳下去。....</span><a class="l" href="http://www.pch.scu.edu.tw/gallery2/v/50th/oldphoto/05_1________.jpg.html"><i>徐可熛</i>老師的壽筵</a></span></blockquote>
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</span><blockquote class="tr_bq"><span style="font-size: large;">
而我記得以前在徐可熛老師家上課,老師怕我們聽不懂,常隨手用小紙片寫字,他筆力蒼勁,同學都喜歡收藏他的墨跡。有一次,老師特別在紙片上畫個燭臺,題一
首陸游詩:「白髮無情侵老境,青燈有味似兒時。」老師覺得這首〈秋夜讀書每以二鼓盡為節〉真好!當時我將它保存起來,但心裏仍納悶好在哪兒呢?唉!年輕人
總夢想著未來,又怎能對老年人的緬懷過往感同身受?一直到現在,紙片泛黃了,老師也作古多年了,我終於能體會老師垂暮的心境了。<a class="l" href="http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=20&ved=0CGwQFjAJOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmyweb.scu.edu.tw%2F%7Elin2181%2Flife-teacher03.htm&ei=hLq4T8TmKsfmmAWLhoX4DA&usg=AFQjCNHbAY7EgpkufHPi282uuHE__Fxqag">伯謙的筆耕園--田園札記--老農隨筆--寶藏瓔珞</a></span></blockquote>
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<br />
李敖<br />
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</span><blockquote class="tr_bq">
<pre><span style="font-size: large;"> 新店山居給了我許多退伍以來的新經歷,比如我終於接近了大自然(那時碧潭
還沒被污染)。比如我終於睡上了木板床(在「四席小屋」睡的是行軍床)、比如
我終於考上了研究所(兩年前為了迴避「羅」考研究所,我沒報名)。……新店山
居雖有很多新經歷,但是一個老經歷還是沒有解決,就是窮困。在給姚從吾老師做
台灣長期發展科學委員會助理的時候,因為該會成立不久,一切還沒有完全上軌道,
所訂一些規章不盡理想。在助理人員發薪上要拖上一陣子,就是一例。我身受其害,
我忍不住了,決定不使姚從吾老師為難,直接「通天」了。——我在10月6日寫信給
老師的老師胡適,向他抗議。因為他是這個委員會的負責人。我信中說:
我們做助理的人與研究講座教授和領甲乙種補助的先生們不同,他們
有教授、講師的本薪,補助的錢對他們是「安定費」,是本薪以外的「補」
與「助」,可是我們「助理級」的就不同了,早幾天或晚幾天發薪對我們
所生的影響是不能跟他們比的,每月唯一的一千元,它是我們的本薪,它
遲遲不發,對「專任」兩個字是一種諷刺,並且使我個人不好意思再向姚
先生借錢,使我三條褲子進了當舖,最後還不得不向您嘮叨訴苦,這是制
度的漏洞還是人謀的不臧我不清楚,說句自私的話,我只不過是不希望
「三無主義」在我頭頂上發生而已。
胡適收信後,在7日就限時信寄到我新店山居,他寫道:
李敖先生:
自從收到你7月4日的長信和那一大盒卡片之後,我總想寫信請你來南
港玩玩,看看我的一些稿件,從吾先生說:「等他考過研究所再找他吧。」
後來我見報上你考取了研究所的消息,那時我又忙起來了,至今還沒有約
你來玩。
過了「雙十節」,你來玩玩,好不好?
現在送上一千元的支票一張,是給你「贖當」救急的。你千萬不要推
辭,正如同你送我許多不易得來的書,我從來不推辭一樣。
你的信我已經轉給<b>科學會的執行秘書徐公起先生</b>了。他說,他一定設
法補救。祝你好!
胡 適 1961年10月7日夜
這張支票可以在台北館前街土地銀行支取。</span></pre>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: large;">*****</span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><br /><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/liao.hui.5?__cft__[0]=AZVOxuustRUgcKkgCHTrBmMg8uTz4F_iHDeadyGH7XL8OBjkuvF0R7Szfj94TdfnkMNNSysJtNKf9A8GPN3rcJcihJzzxOqS67B17vO2G7qWGP-0Fw_9n3QLKo0JJTn9n6jWUcEkSXDgAHiyVyNKwOftP3vOhSKLQ8Lzb6htF90ehw&__tn__=%3C%2CP-R"></a><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/liao.hui.5?__cft__[0]=AZVOxuustRUgcKkgCHTrBmMg8uTz4F_iHDeadyGH7XL8OBjkuvF0R7Szfj94TdfnkMNNSysJtNKf9A8GPN3rcJcihJzzxOqS67B17vO2G7qWGP-0Fw_9n3QLKo0JJTn9n6jWUcEkSXDgAHiyVyNKwOftP3vOhSKLQ8Lzb6htF90ehw&__tn__=%3C%2CP-R"></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/liao.hui.5?__cft__[0]=AZVOxuustRUgcKkgCHTrBmMg8uTz4F_iHDeadyGH7XL8OBjkuvF0R7Szfj94TdfnkMNNSysJtNKf9A8GPN3rcJcihJzzxOqS67B17vO2G7qWGP-0Fw_9n3QLKo0JJTn9n6jWUcEkSXDgAHiyVyNKwOftP3vOhSKLQ8Lzb6htF90ehw&__tn__=%3C%3C%2CP-R"></a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/liao.hui.5?__cft__[0]=AZVOxuustRUgcKkgCHTrBmMg8uTz4F_iHDeadyGH7XL8OBjkuvF0R7Szfj94TdfnkMNNSysJtNKf9A8GPN3rcJcihJzzxOqS67B17vO2G7qWGP-0Fw_9n3QLKo0JJTn9n6jWUcEkSXDgAHiyVyNKwOftP3vOhSKLQ8Lzb6htF90ehw&__tn__=-UC%2CP-R">廖玉蕙</a><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/liao.hui.5/posts/pfbid02Rq1pjmdPXoiMmzFfjrry2asW7ymXfbC6d3dwCFnvnG3YRq6P8aTGWcn2Gr8beJkUl?__cft__[0]=AZVOxuustRUgcKkgCHTrBmMg8uTz4F_iHDeadyGH7XL8OBjkuvF0R7Szfj94TdfnkMNNSysJtNKf9A8GPN3rcJcihJzzxOqS67B17vO2G7qWGP-0Fw_9n3QLKo0JJTn9n6jWUcEkSXDgAHiyVyNKwOftP3vOhSKLQ8Lzb6htF90ehw&__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R"></a> · <br /><br /><br /><a href="https://www.facebook.com/#"><br /></a><br /><br />2024.02.02我偶爾也做正經事的.<br />不要以為我成天鬧笑話,正經事也是一直持續在進行的。看書寫讀後心得是常事,千里之遙運送大批書籍迢迢回台灣比較少見,我也做了呦!(轉載自2024年2月號《文訊》)。</span><div><span style="font-size: large;"><br />必須強調的是,書籍可不只如雜誌的插圖所示的那麼少少幾個紙盒子,是非常龐大的近千冊。套書很多,很難算冊數。<br />【慢慢走著瞧01】迢迢乘船歸來的典籍 廖玉蕙<br />2015年的夏日,忽然接獲一位久違朋友A的來信,A是我當助教時在外租屋時的室友。A說他們夫妻婚後移居加拿大,即將返台探親,希望我能抽空一聚,我當然歡喜不迭。見面後才知A的丈夫黃大方的姊姊原來是我大學及研究所主任徐可熛教授的媳婦。我興奮極了,忙問徐師母及徐大姊的消息!人生何處不相逢,我的室友竟然嫁給了大師嫂的弟弟。線,就這樣牽上了。<br />大學畢業後,我曾在東吳中文系夜間部及日間部各擔任了幾年助教,主任正是徐老師。徐老師專業是外文,先後擔任過教育部國際文化教育事業處處長、胡適先生的主任秘書,後來被政大西語系網羅擔任主任及研究所所長,是國內知名的西洋文學理論專家。我大四那年,當時東吳的楊其銑校長大概覺得中文系若能增加西洋文學理論課程才能跟上時代﹔徐主任人脈又好,和中文系知名教授臺靜農、屈萬里、張清徽、王夢鷗、戴君仁、鄭騫、潘重規、昌彼得……等教授都有好交情,所以在東吳大學成立中文研究所時,校長就特別邀請徐教授到東吳當創所所長。他老人家為東吳中文研究所大力延攬優秀師資,上述文學重要標竿學者群,幾乎悉數欣然應邀,為系所打下了扎實且良好的根基。<br />徐老師留學英國,一派紳士風度。長年身著白襯衫和寬鬆吊帶褲,感覺仙風道骨的。除了禮聘名師外,所有的行政工作一律交由助教打理,系裡有兩位助教深受倚重,他權力下放,無為而治。老師一口寧波話,我剛擔任助教時,簡直拿他的口音沒輒,聽懂率不到兩成,講電話時完全處於膽戰心驚狀態。所以,如果他打電話過來,讓我不小心給接到,我總像燙手山芋般丟給跟他默契較好的學姊。如果系辦正好沒有其他人,我只好硬著頭皮接話,最後的結局常讓人噴飯。譬如光是講個地址「國父來了奧蘭大賀」,我就可以跟他雞同鴨講半天,我厚著臉皮問到自己都難為情,只好假裝聽懂了,接著如鸚鵡學語般記下聲音跟語調,然後複誦給從外頭回來的學長跟學姊聽,讓他們自行翻譯。因為語調滑稽而引起駭笑,原來是「光復南路浩然大廈」。經過好長一段時日後,我才逐漸認識了些寧波話。<br />在當兼任助教的同時,我還是研究生。同學都很喜歡上主任的課,主要是因為上課是在老師居住的大廈裡。每回老師在上課中間的休息時間,常用精緻可口的蛋糕、點心款待學生,對清貧年代,常處於半飢餓狀態的我們算是珍饈。點心通常在我們入門之前,就擺在桌面上。看到點心,感覺特別心安,坐在座位上,就彼此認真琢磨老師的語言,相互探看記下的筆記是否無誤,大部分用猜的。有一回,進門時,發現慣常放點心的桌上竟空空如也,不免有些失望。等到休息時間,師母端出熱騰騰的湯圓,大家才恍然大悟,原來是冬至。<br />他菸不離手,上課時,多次錯將粉筆當香菸往嘴裡放,引來學生驚叫。我曾請教他一天需菸若干?他說「三、四包左右吧!」好驚人的數字。那段擔任助教期間,驚聞老師罹癌,我們都好難過。老師自己倒是很淡定,不慌不忙告訴我們:「女兒幫我訂了一頂假髮,以備化療後可能掉髮之用。」老師說這話時,表情是不以為然的。過沒多久,化療還沒開始,假髮倒來了,我們請他戴上試試;他也從善如流,只是戴上後,模樣古怪,學生都忍俊不住。老師摘下假髮扔地上,說:「荒唐!荒唐!」從此,那頂假髮就被束之高閣。<br />老師入院後,師母、師姐好辛苦,我們幾個助教為分憂解勞,也在放假日主動排班去醫院幫忙。因為來醫院探望者眾,大多帶著燕窩、蓮子湯、雞湯等補品及水果前來,我們最具體的幫忙就是設法消滅這些食物。一陣子過後,學校老師都揶揄我們:「看起來所長生病,每位助教都變得臉色紅潤多了」。老師豁達無畏,跟癌症直面對決,很輕易就戰勝病魔;直到高壽謝世前,癌症都沒再找到他,在我離開東吳多年後,才因心臟衰竭仙逝。<br />老師過世後,師姊帶著師母和老師的所有藏書越洋投奔海外的誠堅師兄嫂,也就是老師的兒子和媳婦,我們從此斷了聯繫。沒料到,數十年後,又因緣際會重新連繫上。大方先生那回從台灣回到加拿大後的11月,忽然又寄來電子郵件,說是那批隨著師母越洋過去的藏書,雖然維護得萬分仔細,而且師嫂還戴上老花眼鏡逐一詳列書籍編號;但可惜的是,身在海外,後繼無人,孫輩都不識中文,誠堅師兄覺得可惜,寄來相關藏書書目,問我可有需要?天啊!書目真是壯觀極了。如果我收下那批書,非得先去買一幢房子不可。我透過大方先生居中協調,決定為那批不計其數的龐大圖書找到安身立命之所,最好能集中放在某個學校的圖書館裡。<br />但數位時代來臨,雖說這批書都很珍貴,但很多古籍都數位化了,加上學校圖書館的空間有限,我問了幾個圖書館,都被客氣婉拒,尤其有中文系所的學校,該有的書早些年都買齊了。我想到我先前任教的台北教育大學,校方的圖書館一查,發現這些書目和館藏有滿多重複,得多方篩檢,處理起來委實麻煩;我靈機一動,打電話請問我曾任教的語文與創作系(前身是語教系),系辦藏書多偏重語言教育,文學相關書籍相形不足。系上主任聽說,很振奮,因為藏書一向是系、所裡的弱項,若有這批中西書籍進駐,對系上學生的閱讀或校方評鑑應該多少有些加分作用,就這麼決定接受贈書。我說若校方無法補助運費,我想用指定項目方式捐款。誠堅師兄聽說後親自來信說:<br />「內弟大方轉來您的email,得知您願意接受先父遺留的中文書籍捐贈台北教育大學。我們非常欣慰這批書籍能有一個完善的歸宿。也十分感謝您的熱心。至於寄費貴校補助不足之數由我來承擔。時值聖誕節時期,此地郵局比較忙。待新年過後,當分兩批寄出。煩請告知詳細地址。附上全部書籍目錄一份,請轉交貴校負責人。」<br />我立刻回覆:<br />「誠堅師兄:我剛畢業時,蒙老師不棄,指派擔任系裡的助教﹔其後攻讀研究所,一路多蒙老師關愛與提攜。如今他遺留下來的書籍,經過多方奔走後,得以渡海回歸校園,嘉惠學子。做為學生的我能為此事在精神及運費上略盡棉薄,覺得萬分榮幸與興奮。」<br />事情好像變得簡單,其實不然。學校接受餽贈的程序繁瑣複雜,我深知師兄嫂的辛苦,光是戴上老花眼鏡編輯書目就不是簡單的事,何況接續下來的打包、估價、郵寄,對八十餘歲的長者而言更是繁複無比的事。我決定不讓師兄再破費,由我出資運送回來。後續的發展,有點荒腔走板。學校會計執守成規,捐款之後的動支有固定程序,專款專用於加拿大至北教大的運費,須以專簽的方式先經過學校同意外,還要麻煩提供書籍清單、運費金額(臺幣)。另外為避免招標法規,得分兩次匯款,需要加拿大那邊出示兩次收據。<br />以為最困難的前置作業是書籍編目,既然師嫂已經完成,應該就簡單了,豈知還要測量總重量。重量已經是頭痛問題,萬一萬事都備,屆時上級不核可,不是白忙一場!我越想越覺得不對勁。提供清單與金額後,還得等學校開會同意,意思是學校還可能不同意?如果知道確切金額,不就表示20箱書籍都已經送到當地郵局且寄出了!屆時學校若不核可,那我該如何處置?再從北教大一箱箱搬回家?還是怎的?我居間折衝,幾至動怒。就在我為之氣結,打算放棄之時,助教忽然峰迴路轉地告知沒問題了,會計室正與幾家海運公司聯繫中,他們會找海運公司前去加拿大收貨再運回來,不用麻煩誠堅師兄辛苦寄送。啊!這不就好了,早說不就少了這許多折騰與氣悶!<br />總之,約莫半年後(2016年5月),大批書籍迢迢運送抵達。我被系上助教告知後,藉一次應邀回學校演講的機會,順便前去參觀。看到書籍整齊羅列,想到這些先師手澤猶存的書籍,竟然真的千里迢迢乘船歸來,不禁紅了眼眶。老師的身影不期然又躍上腦海,這才知道自己有多想念他老人家,多懷念那段已然逝去多年的純真歲月。<br /></span><br /></div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-70252822610233203272024-01-31T02:12:00.000-08:002024-01-31T02:12:11.859-08:00Drive y car film review人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-48177432671621848572024-01-29T16:49:00.000-08:002024-01-29T16:49:40.157-08:00紀念館貼文 面對求助<p> 【面對求助】</p><p><br /></p><p> 人生中總有一些不圓滿的故事,或者欠缺臨門一腳的遺憾。面對這些,胡適都盡可能的伸出援手,受助者除了我們熟知的林語堂、彭明敏等人之外,書信中更有不少私下向胡適求助的資料,而胡適在容許範圍內也盡量給予這些辛苦人適當的協助。1960年11月28日胡適和秘書胡頌平提到他已經無力應付日益增加的求援,並且提到面對求援的兩種態度:</p><p><br /></p><p> 這兩年來,常有請求救濟的人,近來特別多,無法應付了。先生看見由胡頌平出名婉言謝絕這一類的信後,說:「從前我的康乃爾大學第一任校長White先生,曾到俄國去做大使。他和托爾斯泰是老朋友,時常見面。托爾斯泰身上總是帶有一些零錢,遇見乞丐,便給了一些。但White先生看不慣。他對托爾斯泰說:『這是鼓勵人家去討飯;美國人是不給的。』這是兩個人物不同的見解。」</p><p> 「美國是個個人主義的國家,不准乞丐沿途討飯的。這些乞丐,總是手裏拿一些便宜的鉛筆,或是蘋果,做出向人買東西的樣子,走近你的身旁,輕輕的說能否賜給我一杯咖啡的錢?我常遇見這些人,就給他二角五分。咖啡是一毛錢一杯。給他二角五分,多下來讓他買個麵包來吃。我看這些人,大都是有酒癮或吃白麵一類有癮的人。在美國是不贊成不做事的人。有些在馬路上擺上皮鞋油、刷子,還有一隻小矮櫈。你如願意給他擦皮鞋,就站着把腳踏在矮櫈上,他給你擦亮後,給他二角五分錢。規定只要一角就行的。擦皮鞋的有了一點小積蓄,就可以向政府申請空地去耕種。只要你有一點小資本,有路費,有本事去墾地,政府就可以給你幾十畝的地,但不給錢不做事的人。我並不反對人家向我要錢,有時我也給些;但風氣傳出去,說我有求必應,就沒法再給了。」</p><p><br /></p><p>圖片描述:Andrew Dickson White 1885</p><p>圖片出處:維基百科</p><p><br /></p><p>#胡適</p><p>#White</p><p>#托爾斯泰</p><p>#1960年11月28日</p><p>#胡適之先生晚年談話錄</p><p><br /></p><p>如果我是胡適:關於自由和民主的思考題活動主題網站</p><p>https://www.hushihevent.com/</p><p><br /></p><p>#胡適誕辰130週年特展隆重開展</p><p>#如果我是胡適 #關於自由和民主的思考題</p><p><br /></p><p>#開放時間為每週二至週六上午0930至1200下午1330至1630</p><p>#趕快揪團來預約導覽吧</p>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-34146371505626708662024-01-29T16:32:00.000-08:002024-01-29T16:32:29.548-08:00How Eisenhower Saved Taiwan;艾森豪:校長1950級;總統訪台1960.6.19;胡適論領導 (1/3 ) Dwight Eisenhower 的兩個故事。林森 <div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div>您覺得臺灣的英文教育如何?</div><div><br /></div><div>(心虛)..我英文不好啦..我怎知道咩.</div><div><br /></div><div>莫慌、莫急、莫害拍..打開《民國史》,1886年就有來臺灣學習英文的啦!當年劉銘傳在台北設立「西學堂」,有位學生畢業後留校當講師,叫做「林森」的..後來不但當了孫中山在廣州成立的軍政府之「外交總長」,還當上能和美國副總統「拉🐷屎」(侃侃而談)的國府主席,…</div><div><br /></div><div>嘿!你能說不好嗎?不要妄自菲薄啊,all of my dear friends!</div></div><div>。。。。。</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>How Eisenhower Saved Taiwan;艾森豪:校長1950級;總統訪台1960.6.19;胡適論領導 (1/3 ) Dwight Eisenhower 的兩個故事<div><br /></div><div>Accomplishment will prove to be a journey, not destination.<br /> ------Dwight Eisenhower<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>第34任的艾森豪總統曾在任內的1960年6月18日訪台兩天,這是台美兩國間僅有的一 次「國是訪問」。當時胡適趁此難得的機會,寫出「述艾森豪總統的兩個故事給總統祝壽」的文章。這篇文章勸告蔣介石不必事必躬親,大事小事都要抓,可以嘗試 一下古聖先賢所奉行的「無智,無能,無為」字訣,當個「三無」總統。<br /><div class="MsoNormal"><st1:chsdate day="19" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="1960"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">6</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">19</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">日</span></st1:chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">President Eisenhower addresses at <st1:city w:st="on">Taipei</st1:city> airport in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taiwan</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Location: <st1:city w:st="on">Taipei</st1:city> <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taiwan</st1:place></st1:country-region> <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date: 1960, June<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Duration: 2 min 7 sec<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Sound: Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675035657_Dwight-D-Eisenhower_Chiang-Kai-Shek_move-to-building_addresses-at-airport<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">President Dwight D Eisenhower comes out of a car and meets President and Madam Chiang Kai Shek. They all walk to a Christian church where they attend services.<o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">President and Madam Chiang entertain President Eisenhower at a reception in their home. President Chiang sees President Eisenhower off at the airport. President Eisenhower speaks briefly at <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taipei</st1:place></st1:city> airport. President waves at door of airplane. <o:p></o:p></span></div><br /><br />*****<br /><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體">今年胡適逝世整理1/3 的 <b>胡適論領導</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體">在<span lang="EN-US">2010年12月17日 胡適生日,</span></span>我<span face="新細明體">那天決定重新讀胡適先生的生平和著作</span><span face="新細明體">。上一次讀胡適之先生的作品約在</span><span lang="EN-US">1997</span><span face="新細明體">年。當時寫了些筆記</span><span face="新細明體">,在「華人戴明學院」的網站發表一半,後來改正些錯字放在「胡適的世界」網站上<span lang="EN-US"> (本篇的許多人物和事情和文本多可從這兒搜索到更詳細的資訊)。</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體">今天是胡先生的逝世紀念日,我想可以談一下他的政治和管理上的「知人善任」無為而治的思想和力行。胡適先生用這種哲學來認識蔡元培先生的成就,可是他給蔣介石這方面的規勸, 似乎沒什麼作用。我認為胡適之先生了不起的地方在他自己能力行自己的信仰,所以他晚年回台灣任職時的總幹事和朋友都很佩服他,肯為他「賣命」<span lang="EN-US"> (楊樹人和李先聞等人)。</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體">無為哲學的</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span face="新細明體">數理</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span face="新細明體">統計</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span face="新細明體">模式</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體">就是戴明博士的</span><span face="新細明體">『紅珠實驗』、『漏斗實驗』和系統觀念等「轉型用的淵博知識」。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體">從</span>廣義的領導看胡適之先生在產業、政治學界和朋友之間,都有所認識和體會。</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體"><b>我們這講先說明胡適先生所謂的「為政大體」的第一要義</b>。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"></span><b><span face="新細明體">蔡元培<span lang="EN-US"> (蔡孑民)先生的典範</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span face="新細明體">胡適講故事:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b><span face="新細明體">國府主席林森先生</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b>述艾森豪總統的兩個故事給蔣總統祝壽</b><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>台灣感懷艾森豪總統:1960年6月18日訪問臺灣台北<div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><blockquote><br /><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">想想論壇 Thinking Taiwan Forum</a> <br /> <br /> <br /> 【7/30新聞想想】台灣為何如此喜歡艾森豪? <br /> 《外交家》專欄指出,台灣在預定於華府興建、造價2000萬美元的艾森豪紀念館計畫中,出人意料的捐贈了100萬美元。「艾克」(Dwight Eisenhower)雖是二戰英雄,總統評價也不差,但美國公眾並沒有那麼喜愛他,為什麼台灣願意砸錢贊助紀念館? <br /> 答案是,艾森豪在台美關係中扮演重要角色。艾森豪於1953年1月就職時韓戰已快結束,台灣地位不確定性升高。前任總統杜魯門原已放棄防衛台灣,韓戰卻改變了一切,第七艦隊因此進駐台海。 <br /> <br /> 艾森豪解除台海封鎖後,中國砲轟金門馬祖,美國首次明確表示將協助台灣自衛,於1954年12月簽訂防衛協定。1955年1月,國會授權艾森豪得動用武力協防台灣,國務卿杜勒斯(John Dulles)更公開表示不排除以核武攻擊中國大陸。 <br /> 防衛協定直到1979年美國與中國建交才結束,但協防精神藉由台灣關係法而存留至今。也就是說,中華民國在美國外交政策中的地位,和艾森豪有著很大關係。艾克本人對中華民國可能也有著個人情感,時至今日他仍是唯一訪台的在職美國總統(1960年6月),據報導有50萬台灣人在總統府前廣場聆聽艾森豪演說。 <br /> 駐美代表沈呂巡在致詞中表示,和艾森豪對台灣的貢獻相比,100萬美元捐款不足掛齒,沒有艾森豪,台灣可能已落入共產中國之手。 <br /> 專欄作家Ross Douthat於2012年的紐約時報專欄指出,艾森豪被認為「沒那麼偉大」是因為他不符合當代民眾對偉大的定義,他任內並沒有「大計畫、發動大膽的聖戰或歷史性的賭注」,不過許多台灣人大概不會同意,艾克決定協防台灣對不少台灣人而言,確實是場大膽的聖戰,而這正是他們喜歡艾森豪的原因。 <br /> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/#">http://thediplomat.com/2015/07/how-eisenhower-saved-taiwan/</a></blockquote><a href="https://www.blogger.com/#"></a><br /><div><div data-ft="{"tn":"H"}"><div class="mtm" style="margin-top: 10px;"><div class="_6m2 _1zpr clearfix _dcs _4_w4 _59ap" data-ft="{"tn":"H"}" id="u_jsonp_23_e" style="background-color: white; box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 0px 0px 0px 1.5px inset, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.047) 0px 1px 1px; overflow: hidden; position: relative; z-index: 0; zoom: 1;"><div class="clearfix _2r3x" style="zoom: 1;"><div class="lfloat _ohe" style="float: left; width: 470.667px;"><span class="_3m6-">
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Nearly 60 years after his presidency ended, Taiwan still likes Ike. Here's why.</div>
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<a class="_58cn" data-ft="{"tn":"*N","type":104}" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/fbf?source=feed_text&story_id=10152930707083937" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;"><span aria-label="主題標籤" class="_58cl" style="color: #6d84b4;">#</span><span class="_58cm">FBF</span></a>: Columbia President Dwight Eisenhower addresses <a class="profileLink" data-gt="{"entity_id":"140689345975323","entity_path":"\/ajax\/pagelet\/generic.php:LitestandMoreStoriesPagelet:subscriptions"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=140689345975323" href="https://www.facebook.com/ColumbiaCollege1754" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Columbia College</a>’s Class of 1950 outside of Hamilton Hall on Class Day. Three years later, he was elected President of the United States. (photo courtesy of Columbia University Archives.)</div>
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第34任的艾森豪總統曾在任內的1960年6月18日訪台兩天,這是台美兩國間僅有的一 次「國是訪問」。當時胡適趁此難得的機會,寫出「述艾森豪總統的兩個故事給總統祝壽」的文章。這篇文章勸告蔣介石不必事必躬親,大事小事都要抓,可以嘗試 一下古聖先賢所奉行的「無智,無能,無為」字訣,當個「三無」總統。<br />
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<st1:chsdate day="19" islunardate="False" isrocdate="False" month="6" w:st="on" year="1960"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">1960</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">6</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">19</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">日</span></st1:chsdate><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">President
Eisenhower addresses at <st1:city w:st="on">Taipei</st1:city> airport in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taiwan</st1:place></st1:country-region><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Location:
<st1:city w:st="on">Taipei</st1:city> <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taiwan</st1:place></st1:country-region> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Date: 1960,
June<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Duration:
2 min 7 sec<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Sound:
Yes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675035657_Dwight-D-Eisenhower_Chiang-Kai-Shek_move-to-building_addresses-at-airport<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">President
Dwight D Eisenhower comes out of a car and meets President and Madam Chiang Kai
Shek. They all walk to a Christian church where they attend services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.5pt;">President
and Madam Chiang entertain President Eisenhower at a reception in their home. President
Chiang sees President Eisenhower off at the airport. President Eisenhower speaks
briefly at <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Taipei</st1:place></st1:city>
airport. President waves at door of airplane. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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*****<br />
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<span face="新細明體">今年胡適逝世整理1/3 的 <b>胡適論領導</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<span face="新細明體"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體">在<span lang="EN-US">2010年12月17日 胡適生日,</span></span>我<span face="新細明體"><span lang="EN-US">那天決定重新讀胡適先生的生平和著作</span></span><span face="新細明體">。上一次讀胡適之先生的作品約在</span><span lang="EN-US">1997</span><span face="新細明體">年。當時寫了些筆記</span><span face="新細明體">,在「華人戴明學院」的網站發表一半,後來改正些錯字放在「胡適的世界」網站上<span lang="EN-US"> (本篇的許多人物和事情和文本多可從這兒搜索到更詳細的資訊)。</span></span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span face="新細明體">今天是胡先生的逝世紀念日,我想可以談一下他的政治和管理上的「知人善任」無為而治的思想和力行。胡適先生用這種哲學來認識蔡元培先生的成就,可是他給蔣介石這方面的規勸, 似乎沒什麼作用。我認為胡適之先生了不起的地方在他自己能力行自己的信仰,所以他晚年回台灣任職時的總幹事和朋友都很佩服他,肯為他「賣命」<span lang="EN-US"> (楊樹人和李先聞等人)。</span></span></div>
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<span face="新細明體">無為哲學的</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span face="新細明體">數理</span><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span face="新細明體">統計</span><span lang="EN-US">”</span><span face="新細明體">模式</span><span face="新細明體">,</span><span face="新細明體">就是戴明博士的</span><span face="新細明體">『紅珠實驗』、『漏斗實驗』和系統觀念等「轉型用的淵博知識」。<span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div>
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<span face="新細明體">從</span>廣義的領導看胡適之先生在產業、政治學界和朋友之間,都有所認識和體會。</div>
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<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US"> </span><b><span face="新細明體">蔡元培<span lang="EN-US"> (蔡孑民)先生的典範</span></span></b></div>
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<span face="新細明體">胡適講故事:</span></div>
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<b><span face="新細明體">國府主席林森先生</span><span lang="EN-US"></span></b></div>
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<b><span face="新細明體">述艾森豪總統的兩個故事給蔣總統祝壽</span></b><br />
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Dwight D. Eisenhower at his 1948 inauguration as Columbia's 13th president.</div>
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In honor of Presidents' Day, a solemn portrait of Dwight Eisenhower by Richard Avedon. <a href="http://bit.ly/1DxR2ho" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://bit.ly/1DxR2ho</a></div>
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[Richard Avedon. "Dwight David Eisenhower, President of the United States, Palm Springs, California." January 31, 1964]</div>
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</div></div></div></div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-33662815057526787412024-01-27T12:38:00.000-08:002024-01-27T12:41:44.320-08:00摩門教/義 Mormonism "美國論"少不了摩門教/義。<p> "美國論"少不了摩門教/義。</p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #4d5156; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Mormonism is the religious tradition and theology of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity started by Joseph Smith in Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4d5156; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> <a class="ruhjFe NJLBac fl" data-ved="2ahUKEwiAvbzLtf6DAxVana8BHbNqCsIQmhN6BAhOEAI" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormonism&ved=2ahUKEwiAvbzLtf6DAxVana8BHbNqCsIQmhN6BAhOEAI&sqi=2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-wrap: nowrap;">Wikipedia</a></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="wDYxhc" data-md="61" lang="en-TW" style="background-color: white; border-radius: 8px; clear: none; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div aria-level="3" class="LGOjhe" data-attrid="wa:/description" data-hveid="CAwQAA" role="heading" style="overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 20px;"><span class="ILfuVd" lang="en" style="font-family: "Google Sans", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; line-height: 28px;"><span class="hgKElc" style="padding: 0px 8px 0px 0px;">Mormonism is <span style="background-color: #d3e3fd; color: #040c28;">a term defining the religious beliefs and practices of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as Mormons</span>. Mormonism describes the doctrines of the Church that were restored to the earth through the Prophet Joseph Smith.</span></span></div></div><div class="g" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; width: 600px;"><div data-hveid="CAkQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwiAvbzLtf6DAxVana8BHbNqCsIQFSgAegQICRAA" lang="en"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="clear: both; padding-bottom: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwiAvbzLtf6DAxVana8BHbNqCsIQFnoECAkQAw" href="https://news-gu.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/mormonism-101#:~:text=Mormonism%20is%20a%20term%20defining,through%20the%20Prophet%20Joseph%20Smith." jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://news-gu.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/mormonism-101%23:~:text%3DMormonism%2520is%2520a%2520term%2520defining,through%2520the%2520Prophet%2520Joseph%2520Smith.&ved=2ahUKEwiAvbzLtf6DAxVana8BHbNqCsIQFnoECAkQAw&sqi=2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.3; margin: 18px 0px 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Mormonism 101: What is Mormonism? - Church Newsroom</h3></a></span></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 12px;"><div class="x1iyjqo2" style="flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" color="var(--secondary-text)" dir="auto" style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><h4 class="x1heor9g x1qlqyl8 x1pd3egz x1a2a7pz x1gslohp x1yc453h" id=":r2n:" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 4px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span class="xt0psk2" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv xzsf02u x1s688f" href="https://www.facebook.com/TheEconomist?__cft__[0]=AZWRhReWyop0_qtfP7p0cWHxzlVQ0rRXtWvEkMw9FArJR7J2gfffDH7e89GYwjndve2CZtqO7lPPTeh3Q515mBpZ2fSFsCX4iXuoR9wzXX3XByK3WjqGlVOswHipNeUfX9M79AyvuOGcucfYkQvmLxOZlV33YpLNkL5GFbstso7HeEVl6eyAuYgUhgQW2AMHQDQ&__tn__=-UC%2CP-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Economist</span></a></span><span class="x1dor1uw x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.1em; position: relative;"> </span></h4></span></div><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"></div></div></div><div class="xqcrz7y x78zum5 x1qx5ct2 x1y1aw1k x1sxyh0 xwib8y2 xurb0ha xw4jnvo" style="align-self: flex-start; display: flex; font-family: inherit; height: 20px; padding: 8px; width: 20px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-label="可對此貼文採取的動作" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx x2lwn1j xeuugli x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz xjyslct xjbqb8w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x3nfvp2 xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x3ajldb x194ut8o x1vzenxt xd7ygy7 xt298gk x1xhcax0 x1s928wv x10pfhc2 x1j6awrg x1v53gu8 x1tfg27r xitxdhh" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; appearance: none; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; vertical-align: bottom; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><svg class="x19dipnz x1lliihq x1k90msu x2h7rmj x1qfuztq" fill="currentColor" height="20" style="--color: var(--secondary-icon);" viewbox="0 0 20 20" width="20"><g fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(-446 -350)"><path d="M458 360a2 2 0 1 1-4 0 2 2 0 0 1 4 0m6 0a2 2 0 1 1-4 0 2 2 0 0 1 4 0m-12 0a2 2 0 1 1-4 0 2 2 0 0 1 4 0"></path></g></svg><div class="x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h x14yjl9h xudhj91 x18nykt9 xww2gxu" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: 50%; 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font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Mormonism may sound a little too star-spangled and modern to be properly biblical. As a new history of the religion shows, America, and the religion it inspired, remain ever intertwined: <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg" href="https://econ.trib.al/3FJ4Beg?fbclid=IwAR2DBFsBunhXzEHWCHggdQiqKM20t5NLXVmcMJJa2w7XAr9mlqCdh6SNZDw" rel="nofollow noreferrer" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://econ.trib.al/3FJ4Beg</a></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; 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height: inherit; max-height: inherit; max-width: inherit; min-height: inherit; min-width: inherit; place-content: inherit; width: inherit;"><div class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1n2onr6 x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xnl1qt8 x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1vjfegm x1lliihq" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-radius: inherit; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; max-height: 1.3333em; outline: none; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 1;" tabindex="0"><div><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="x1e558r4" style="font-family: inherit; padding-left: 4px;"><br /></span></span></div></div></span></div></div><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 x2lah0s x1qughib x1qjc9v5 xozqiw3 x1q0g3np xykv574 xbmpl8g x4cne27 xifccgj" style="align-items: stretch; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #65676b; display: flex; flex-flow: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; justify-content: space-between; margin: -6px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-6647494922016045912024-01-24T20:07:00.000-08:002024-01-24T20:07:03.780-08:00Sir Norman Angell , The Great Illusion 1909到Visiting the Most Important Company in the World, Jan. 24, 2024,Sir Norman Angell 的 <i>The Great Illusion</i> 一書,影響胡適之先生頗大,參考其"口述自傳"<div>今天,2024.1.25 紐約時報下文題到它:</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #363636; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 20px;">I’m as skeptical of this argument as I am of the notion that China will invade Taiwan to grab T.S.M.C. The silicon shield reminds me of the 1909 best-selling book “</span><a class="css-yywogo" href="https://bigthink.com/the-past/world-war-one-illusion/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891); text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">The Great Illusion</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #363636; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-size: 20px;">,” which was translated into 25 languages and predicted that Europe was so economically interdependent that warfare was obsolete. World War I and World War II killed its sales.</span></div><div><br />
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<div class="fwn fcg"><span style="color: #9197a3;"><span style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: 400;">我對這一論點持懷疑態度,就像我對中國將入侵台灣奪取台積電的觀點持懷疑態度一樣。 矽盾讓我想起 1909 年的暢銷書《偉大的幻覺》,這本書被翻譯成 25 種語言,並預言歐洲在經濟上如此相互依賴,戰爭已經過時了。 第一次世界大戰和第二次世界大戰扼殺了它的銷售。google</span></span></div><div class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></div><div class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></div><div class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></div><div class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space-collapse: preserve;">哈哈:"......考慮到轉移生產的難度,保障晶片製造的最佳方法可能是比以往更加努力地阻止和避免台海戰爭。 更多相關內容請參考即將發表的專欄。"~~紐約時報OPINION</div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space-collapse: preserve;">NICHOLAS KRISTOF</div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Visiting the Most Important Company in the World</div><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Jan. 24, 2024, 7:00 p.m. ET</div></div><div class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></div><div class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br /></div><div class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;">
<span class="fwb fcg" data-ft="{"tn":"k"}" style="font-weight: bold;"><a data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=401538510458&extragetparams=%7B%22fref%22%3A%22nf%22%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/BBCRadio4?fref=nf" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">BBC Radio 4</a></span></div>
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<div class="_5pcp" style="color: #9197a3;">· <a aria-label="公開" class="uiStreamPrivacy inlineBlock fbStreamPrivacy fbPrivacyAudienceIndicator _5pcq" data-hover="tooltip" href="https://www.facebook.com/#" id="js_196" role="button" style="color: #9197a3; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, "lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; text-decoration: none; zoom: 1;"><i class="lock img sp_cteKLeK7lLX sx_8e1872" style="background-image: url(https://fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net/rsrc.php/v2/yU/r/9yfUY2_tZt-.png); background-position: -14px -162px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 36px 434px; bottom: -1px; display: inline-block; height: 12px; margin-bottom: -5px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 12px;"></i></a></div>
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This is Steven Camley's interpretation of the lead up to World War One.</div>
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It refers to a 1913 text by Norman Angell, in which he argues that nations understood that war was pointless and therefore unlikely to happen:</div>
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"...military power is socially and economically futile, and can have no relation to the prosperity of the people exercising it; that it is impossible for one nation to seize by force the wealth or trade of another - to enrich itself by subjugating, or imposing its <span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline;">will by force on another; that in short, war, even when victorious, can no longer achieve those aims for which people strive..."</span></div>
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An excerpt from<i> The Great Illusion </i>by Norman Angell.</div>
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To hear how the news of the day was reported on 16th July 1914, listen to 1914: Day by Day: <a href="http://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.in%2FU9tqMN&h=gAQEun7qg&enc=AZMHNzXLLVTY5CxIYpY5YFFLzR8-EiCt2hxdzfvnwRaG5sOk084RDjKZwEdNTlmLoACNwq0NMTsX-R9IVU5oq1PxdNk2cuIl2pQGrvf3m_BlFYkQL0MDreuaV7FSOAjiulg7LF9zwU3ozMmw7NOWItuG&s=1" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://bbc.in/U9tqMN</a></div>
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A meeting of Suffragettes is attacked by a mob.</div>
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BBC.IN</div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=AAMzSpm8rzwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN9570827106&hl=zh-TW"><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">胡適日記全集</span></span>,
<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">第</span></span> 8 <span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">卷</span></span>:
1940-1952</a></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1950<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">年</span></span>1<span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">月9</span></span><span face="新細明體" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span lang="EN-US">日 與</span></span></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sir Norman Angell* 和Mrs. Dwight Morrow吃飯談得很痛快,頁467-68( </span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我一生受他的影響很大。我從「不抵抗」主義逐漸轉到用力量制裁強暴的見解,是受了他和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt;">John Dewey</span><span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的影響。*)</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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胡適之先生在1915年的一次為期兩周的會議初識他及思想, 日記有詳記。<br />
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在<span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《</span>胡適口述自傳<span face="新細明體" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》<i>The Personal Reminiscences of Dr. Hu Shih</i></span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《青年時期的政治訓練》一章,更詳細說明他受兩人思想的影響。</span></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell"><i>Norman Angell</i> - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></h3>
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<cite class="vurls">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/<b>Norman_Angell</b></cite></div>
<span class="st">Sir Ralph <i>Norman Angell</i> (26 December 1872 – 7 October 1967) was an English lecturer, journalist, author, and Member of Parliament for the Labour Party.</span><br />
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<a class="fl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell#Biography">Biography</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell#The_Great_Illusion">The Great Illusion</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell#The_Money_Game">The Money Game</a> - <a class="fl" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Angell#Works">Works</a></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Illusion">The Great Illusion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a></h3>
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<cite class="vurls">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Illusion</cite> 這本重要著作似乎沒漢譯</div>
<span class="st">The Great Illusion is a book by <i>Norman Angell</i>, first published in the United Kingdom in 1909 under the title Europe's Optical Illusion and republished in 1910<wbr></wbr> <b>...</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1933/angell-bio.html">Sir <i>Norman Angell</i> - Biographical - Nobelprize.org</a></h3>
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<cite class="vurls">www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1933/<b>angell</b>-bio.html</cite></div>
<span class="st">Ralph <i>Norman Angell</i> Lane (December 26, 1872-October 7, 1967)1 was one of six children of Thomas Angell Lane and Mary (Brittain) Lane. Raised in a <b>...</b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24555/Sir-Norman-Angell">Sir <i>Norman Angell</i> (British economist) -- Encyclopedia Britannica</a></h3>
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<cite class="vurls">www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/24555/Sir-<b>Norman-Angell</b></cite></div>
<span class="st">English
economist and worker for international peace, who was awarded the Nobel
Prize for Peace in 1933. After an education in France, London, and
Geneva, <b>...</b></span></div>
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<span face="新細明體"> 1961.7.3 胡適回信給</span><span face="新細明體">呂光*</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體"> 曉光先生:</span><span face="新細明體"> </span></blockquote>
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<span face="新細明體"> ...... 這種運動,我在少年到中年的時期曾積極參加過</span><span face="新細明體">,也曾發表過一些意見.....其主</span><span face="新細明體">旨</span><span face="新細明體">論
Government by law does not mean the absence of force, it only means
that force is organized and regulated and direct toward some
organized... Norman Angell 的思想的應用</span><span face="新細明體">,即是" Peace through the rule of law" 的一種說法。)老年回想,都似做了一場好夢。先生說要我"多予指示",更使我慚愧!</span><span face="新細明體"> </span></blockquote>
</div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-66731432330475805282024-01-15T16:52:00.000-08:002024-01-15T16:52:36.308-08:00 【胡適藏書:古本《金瓶梅詞話》】胡適紀念館 Hu Shih Memorial Hall<p> </p><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 12px;"><div class="x1iyjqo2" style="flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--secondary-text); 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align-items: center; border-color: initial; border-radius: 50%; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: inherit; height: 36px; justify-content: center; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; width: 36px;" tabindex="0"><i class="x1b0d499 x1d69dk1" data-visualcompletion="css-img" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ys/r/sHFlVCilExx.png"); background-position: -22px -210px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 114px 304px; display: inline-block; filter: var(--filter-secondary-icon); height: 20px; vertical-align: -0.25em; width: 20px;"></i><div class="x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h x14yjl9h xudhj91 x18nykt9 xww2gxu" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: 50%; 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display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">【胡適藏書:古本《金瓶梅詞話》】</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 談到《金瓶梅》總有些人會臉紅,也總有些人會掩嘴微笑。在今天,《金瓶梅》是社會生活與飲食文化重要的參考資料,但是在以前,那個民風保守的年代,卻是十足十的違禁品,不管是閱讀或者印刷都會出大問題。1961年6月12日晚間,胡適在聽聞啟明書局將重印古本《金瓶梅詞話》之後便找來胡頌平,要他提醒老闆沈志明可能會碰上麻煩。除此之外,胡適也意外提到了民國初年古本《金瓶梅詞話》的發現與流傳經過,過程可說是精彩萬分:</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 夜裡九點多,徐秋皎來通知胡頌平,說先生有話說。胡頌平進了書房,先生拿著啟明出版的《新文學大系》,這書封面上登載「中國之部全卷內容」,指著卷五古本《金瓶梅詞話》說:「你知道這是一部什麼書嗎?這是一部大淫書。志明不知道這部書印出來可能要出大亂子。在此地,他的敵人又多,可能會有人敲他的竹槓。你便中去問問他有沒有辦過一切手續。你要叫他審慎!」</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 這部古本《金瓶梅詞話》,你們是不知道的。日本圖書館在重裱中國古書時,發現古書內的襯紙有《金瓶梅》的書頁,共有八頁。日本人不知道這八頁是什麼本子的《金瓶梅》,於是照大小照相下來寄到中國來,問問徐鴻寶(森玉)、馬廉(隅卿,中國小說專家)和我幾個人。我們幾個人都不知道是個什麼版本,都不曾看過。恰巧在這個時候,北平書商向山西收購的大批小說運到北平,其中有一部大字本的古本《金瓶梅詞話》,全部二十冊,就是日本發現作襯紙用的《金瓶梅》。這部《金瓶梅詞話》當初只賣五六塊銀元,一轉手就賣三百塊,再轉手到了琉璃廠索古堂書店,就要一千元了。當時徐森玉一班人怕這書會被日本買去,決定要北平圖書館收買下來。大概是在九一八之後抗戰之前的幾年內。那一天夜裡,已經九點了,他們要我同到索古堂去買。索古堂老闆看見我去了,削價五十元,就以九百五十元買來了。那時北平圖書館用九百五十元收買一部大淫書無法報銷的。於是我們——好像是二十個人——出資預約,影印一百零四部,照編號分給預約的人。我記不起預約五部或十部,只記得陶孟和向我要,我送他一部。我們將預約多下來的錢給北平圖書館收買這書。也就在這時候,這書被人盜印,流行出去了。這書裡有一百幅的圖,其中有些完全是春宮,是一部大淫書。志明不知道,為了發財就亂印出來了,怕他會出大亂子,便中你去告訴他,要他審慎。」</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#胡適</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E6%B2%88%E5%BF%97%E6%98%8E?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#沈志明</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#北平圖書館</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9C%AC%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%A2%85%E8%A9%9E%E8%A9%B1?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#古本金瓶梅詞話</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/1961%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8812%E6%97%A5?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#1961年6月12日</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F%E6%99%9A%E5%B9%B4%E8%AB%87%E8%A9%B1%E9%8C%84?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#胡適之先生晚年談話錄</a></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">圖片描述:胡適藏書古本《金瓶梅詞話》</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">館藏位置:胡適故居</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">如果我是胡適:關於自由和民主的思考題活動主題網站</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg" href="https://www.hushihevent.com/?fbclid=IwAR1nq6boIU3BsXVl1JpbZBPnLWvupX0-Z3VEMO5h3_L-_orG3hYo-Sg1NGA" rel="nofollow noreferrer" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://www.hushihevent.com/</a></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9%E8%AA%95%E8%BE%B0130%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%95%E9%9A%86%E9%87%8D%E9%96%8B%E5%B1%95?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#胡適誕辰130週年特展隆重開展</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%88%91%E6%98%AF%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#如果我是胡適</a></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83%E9%A1%8C?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#關於自由和民主的思考題</a></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%82%BA%E6%AF%8F%E9%80%B1%E4%BA%8C%E8%87%B3%E9%80%B1%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%880930%E8%87%B31200%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%881330%E8%87%B31630?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#開放時間為每週二至週六上午0930至1200下午1330至1630</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%B6%95%E5%BF%AB%E6%8F%AA%E5%9C%98%E4%BE%86%E9%A0%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B0%8E%E8%A6%BD%E5%90%A7?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#趕快揪團來預約導覽吧</a></span></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="x1n2onr6" id=":rfab:" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div class="x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><a class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz x1lliihq x1pdlv7q" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=688243410163043&set=a.282271610760227&__cft__[0]=AZVRD1hbu2GaQnaumghYBQZUVKQ-iPpWsmbOV8UHdzo-df2MDMRfK8C_PtAs3loyaeZlIxQJjkpKA4nkKs91EsjQvru_kdBx16e963Yak5jkRGB2okRmJvr-Cmgz0keQrIjQ21jf_T9LRTa4GbT1Sog2rHY134LonwSXJfOoQubQGmIfMvXVKgT1-AbZwP3WKOE&__tn__=EH-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: block; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x6s0dn4 x1jx94hy x78zum5 xdt5ytf x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6 xh8yej3" style="align-items: center; background-color: #63522f; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 500px;"><div style="font-family: inherit; max-width: 100%; min-width: 500px; width: calc(66.6667vh - 216.667px);"><div class="xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 750px; position: relative;"><div class="x10l6tqk x13vifvy" style="font-family: inherit; height: 1081.85px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 500px;"><img alt="可能是文字的圖像" class="x1ey2m1c xds687c x5yr21d x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy xh8yej3 xl1xv1r" height="1824" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent.ftpe8-4.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/419827792_688243406829710_4212882126860682348_n.jpg?stp=cp6_dst-jpg_p843x403&_nc_cat=110&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=3635dc&_nc_ohc=ELhHLJpBH1oAX_fcF74&_nc_ht=scontent.ftpe8-4.fna&oh=00_AfD__fArkTVxeyxRjQxGS3hP4MaImycckWzgmzprLuxOrA&oe=65AA1C0F" style="border: 0px; height: 1081.85px; inset: 0px; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; width: 500px;" width="843" /></div></div></div></div><div class="xua58t2 xzg4506 x1ey2m1c xds687c x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy" style="border-bottom: 1px solid var(--media-inner-border); border-top: 1px solid var(--media-inner-border); font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"></div><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"></div></div></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x168nmei x13lgxp2 x30kzoy x9jhf4c x6ikm8r x10wlt62" data-visualcompletion="ignore-dynamic" style="border-radius: 0px 0px 8px 8px; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="xq8finb x16n37ib" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 x2lah0s x1qughib x1qjc9v5 xozqiw3 x1q0g3np x150jy0e x1e558r4 xjkvuk6 x1iorvi4 xwrv7xz x8182xy x4cne27 xifccgj" style="align-items: stretch; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-flow: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; justify-content: space-between; margin: -6px -2px; padding: 4px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 xdt5ytf x193iq5w xeuugli x1r8uery x1iyjqo2 xs83m0k xg83lxy x1h0ha7o x10b6aqq x1yrsyyn" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1c1e21; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 0px; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 6px 2px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div aria-label="讚" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x3nfvp2 x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz x5ve5x3" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; touch-action: none; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 x1r8uery x1iyjqo2 xs83m0k xeuugli xl56j7k x6s0dn4 xozqiw3 x1q0g3np xn6708d x1ye3gou xexx8yu xcud41i x139jcc6 x4cne27 xifccgj xn3w4p2 xuxw1ft" style="align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-flow: row; flex: 1 1 0px; font-family: inherit; height: 44px; justify-content: center; margin: -6px -4px; min-width: 0px; padding-left: 12px; padding-right: 12px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-wrap: nowrap; z-index: 0;"><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 xdt5ytf x2lah0s x193iq5w xeuugli x150jy0e x1e558r4 x10b6aqq x1yrsyyn" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 6px 4px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><span class="x3nfvp2" style="display: inline-flex; font-family: inherit;"><i class="x1b0d499 x1d69dk1" data-visualcompletion="css-img" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yH/r/StoX2ej67gn.png"); background-position: 0px -748px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 22px 1438px; display: inline-block; filter: var(--filter-secondary-icon); height: 20px; vertical-align: -0.25em; width: 20px;"></i></span></div><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 xdt5ytf x2lah0s x193iq5w xeuugli x150jy0e x1e558r4 x10b6aqq x1yrsyyn" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 6px 4px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen x1s688f xi81zsa" dir="auto" style="color: var(--secondary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">讚</span></span></div></div><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></div><div aria-label="傳達心情" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x3nfvp2 x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz x4r51d9 x1d0ri9u x4uap5 x1ug4tga xkhd6sd xnfr1j xzpqnlu x179tack x10l6tqk x5ve5x3" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 13px 0px; position: absolute; right: 6px; text-align: inherit; top: 1px; touch-action: none; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><i class="x1b0d499 x1d69dk1" data-visualcompletion="css-img" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ys/r/sHFlVCilExx.png"); background-position: -36px -272px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 114px 304px; display: inline-block; filter: var(--filter-secondary-icon); height: 16px; vertical-align: -0.25em; width: 16px;"></i><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></div></div><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 xdt5ytf x193iq5w xeuugli x1r8uery x1iyjqo2 xs83m0k xg83lxy x1h0ha7o x10b6aqq x1yrsyyn" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1c1e21; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 0px; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 6px 2px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div aria-label="留言" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x3nfvp2 x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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font-size: 13px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 6px 2px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-48886362886348128892024-01-14T14:44:00.000-08:002024-01-14T14:44:39.745-08:00 感動 (106):世局,天候下,衆生生活多辛苦,要感恩……。感動萬分, “不受左右”的胡適,“不降志,不辱身,不追趕時髦,也不迴避危險;多芬的田園交響曲紀念。含淚看完《柴静访谈贺卫方:没有独立的司法,没有一个人是安全的》。 因真理 得自由 以服務 Freedom Through Truth For Service (燕京大學校訓) <p> 感動 (106):世局,天候下,衆生生活多辛苦,要感恩……。感動萬分, “不受左右”的胡適,“不降志,不辱身,不追趕時髦,也不迴避危險;多芬的田園交響曲紀念。含淚看完《柴静访谈贺卫方:没有独立的司法,没有一个人是安全的》。 因真理 得自由 以服務 Freedom Through Truth For Service (燕京大學校訓) </p><p>https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/937292717959981</p><p>https://hcmemory.blogspot.com/2024/01/blog-post_7.html</p>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-12649785263614765062024-01-11T09:12:00.000-08:002024-01-11T09:12:29.014-08:00Happy birthday, Ezra Cornell, born on this day in 1807! 康南耳先生的老保險櫃、墓地:胡適 寫、講(1941.1.11)《康南耳傳》 (Ezra Cornell )到創校150年:The Founders故事和相關人物 Andrew Dickson White: 1911年亡國慘狀<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/_1ow7fPleOH8/TVqbcxj90VI/AAAAAAAAUXc/fSpcoNevFD0/s1600-h/P1120257%5B2%5D.jpg"><img alt="P1120257" border="0" height="454" src="http://lh4.ggpht.com/_1ow7fPleOH8/TVqbdjXfzLI/AAAAAAAAUXg/uToEy1HIk94/P1120257_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="border: 0px none; display: inline;" title="P1120257" width="604" /></a> <br />
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font-family: inherit; height: 16px; margin: 0px 1px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;"><img alt="🎂" class="xz74otr" height="16" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t5e/1.5/16/1f382.png" style="border: 0px; object-fit: fill;" width="16" /></span>Happy birthday, Ezra Cornell, born on this day in 1807!</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Our <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/Cornell.Rare?__cft__[0]=AZVT-cP9OfSAaweC8V7hko0g34G4cA43Av21aF9stt_AThh43-sCwNIGhHP2ZxJIad2KppOn4HlfbL2I4ItAF8o7wIu1ASd7IMNaKjOUN-3CSY0UL9eBJYaqBUmxBC8De_Omyy8MBEBnD_48E5bG1eTuaRQTwK294k5wXriAsEq-t_iFzoy0sYl4088CFwS91w4&__tn__=-]K-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0"><span class="xt0psk2" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;">Cornell University Library - Rare and Manuscript Collections</span></a></span> holds Cornell’s papers and artifacts, including this image from 1868.</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Learn more about the Ezra Cornell Papers: <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg" href="https://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ezracornellcoll/?fbclid=IwAR0Mwy0s7tkve2JO8HStXUOIKKlioCs9RCawBhLyso4nbPBMx6g6i6WKb2Q" rel="nofollow noreferrer" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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<span class="fcg"><span class="fwb" style="font-weight: bold;"><a class="profileLink" data-ft="{"tn":"k"}" data-gt="{"entity_id":"8570160131","entity_path":"\/ajax\/pagelet\/generic.php:LitestandMoreStoriesPagelet:subscriptions"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=8570160131" href="https://www.facebook.com/Cornell" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Cornell University</a></span> 更新了封面相片。</span></div>
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Elaine Engst, Cornell University archivist, and Lance Heidig, outreach and learning services librarian, remove Cornell University’s original charter from the vault in Kroch Library to be used in a special sesquicentennial exhibit today through Charter Day Weekend. Behind them is Ezra Cornell’s personal safe, in which small items of great value are stored, including two Nobel prizes and an Olympic gold medal owned by Cornellians.<br />
For an inside look at Cornell’s Charter and info about exhibit hours:<a href="http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2015/04/inside-look-cornells-charter" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.news.cornell.edu/…/…/inside-look-cornells-charter</a></div>
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Photo by Joe Wilensky</div>
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For an inside look at Cornell’s Charter and info about exhibit hours: http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2015/04/inside-look-cornells-charter
Photo by Joe Wilensky 」" class="scaledImageFitWidth img" height="265" src="https://fbcdn-sphotos-c-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xta1/t31.0-8/p403x403/11141288_10153232573335132_5757133933187319532_o.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; margin: 0px; min-height: 100%; position: absolute; width: 470px;" width="470" /></a></div>
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<span class="fcg"><span class="fwb" style="font-weight: bold;"><a class="profileLink" data-ft="{"tn":"k"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=8570160131" href="https://www.facebook.com/Cornell" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Cornell University</a></span> 和 <a aria-haspopup="true" aria-owns="js_fa" class="profileLink" data-ft="{"tn":"l"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=401433" href="https://www.facebook.com/corey.earle" id="js_fb" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Corey Ryan Earle</a></span></div>
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Cornelliana with Corey Earle '07: The Founders<br />
An in-depth look at the two men who built Cornell:<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up3VNo3VGWY" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up3VNo3VGWY</a></div>
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An in-depth look at the two men who built Cornell: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up3VNo3VGWY" class="scaledImageFitWidth img" height="274" src="https://scontent-a-sea.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xpa1/t31.0-8/p480x480/1932609_10152915203275132_995876879000331089_o.jpg" style="border: 0px; height: auto; min-height: 100%; position: relative; width: 470px;" width="470" /></a></div>
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1911年<span style="font-weight: bold;">胡適的日記</span>多憂國<br />
3月23<br />
寫信 ".......頗多感 之言 實以國亡在旦夕 不自覺其言之....."<br />
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24 日<br />
"連日日所思維 夜所夢囈 無非亡國慘狀 夜中時失眠<br />
知"<span class="st">嫠<i>不恤其緯</i>,而憂宗周之隕" 是人情天理中事也</span><br />
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="table3" style="width: 455px;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#efefef" height="23"><b>出處: </b> <span class="font"> 《左傳·昭公二十四年》:「嫠不恤其緯,而憂宗周之隕,為將及焉。」 </span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td height="23"><span class="font"></span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#efefef" height="23"><b>典故: </b> <span class="font">寡婦不怕織得少,而怕亡國之禍。舊時比喻憂國忘家。 </span></td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffff" height="23"></td> </tr>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#efefef" height="23"><b>例子: </b> <span class="font"> 嫠不恤其緯,憂天如杞人。(清·龔自珍《乞糴保陽》詩)</span></td></tr>
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Sage Chapel is the non-denominational chapel on the campus. Sage Chapel serves as the final resting place of the university's founders, Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, and their wives. The building was a gift to the university of Henry William Sage and his wife.</div>
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記弗納/學術獨立計畫 <br />
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<a class="primary" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vpxe7JhMVN8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:ISBN9570827106&hl=zh-TW"><span dir="ltr">胡適日记全集, 第 1 卷 1906-1914</span></a><br />
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"九月裡,先生寫成《康南耳傳》Ezra Cornell 1807-74。我們讀先生這傳,知道先生後來致力於國家的教育事業,蓋亦由於青年時期多識賢哲的懿行所致。"<br />
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"查《胡適留學日記》,1911年2月,胡適開始關注“本校發達史”;4月,閱讀康乃爾大學創辦人的傳記資料;4月10日,開始撰寫《康南耳君傳》,8月 25日文稿完成,9月3日修訂,9月22日在中國學生組織的中國語演說會上演講。此文1915年3月刊《留美學生季報》春季第一號。<br />
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上世紀六十年代初,胡 適在臺重刊此文,還加了個“自記”,說明當初的寫作狀態。此傳就寫“康南耳君”平生兩件大事:創辦北美洲電報事業和康乃爾大學。文中稱:“當其初建學校 時,常語白博士曰:吾欲令人人皆可於此中隨所欲而求學焉(此語今刊于大學印章之上)。及其病篤,猶語白博士曰:天不能假我二十年,再贏一百萬金,以供大學 之用耶。嗟夫,此語滋可念也。” 昨天讀<b>簡明大英百科</b>Ezra Cornell條 一生共捐三百萬美金<br />
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文後摹倣太史公:“胡適曰:若康南耳君者,可謂豪傑之士矣。”這種志向與趣味,與其日後問學從政時,均取“建設者的姿 態”,大有關聯。在我看來,凡有志於教育事業的,都是理想主義者。因為,做教育事業,需要長遠的眼光,而且堅信只要耕耘必有收穫。"<br />
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1962/2/12 1962年是美國Morrill 法案百年紀念---聯邦補助農業大學之發展<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"> "六點二十多分鐘,先生從書房裏出來到後面的厠所去,經過餐廳門口,看見胡頌平在那兒做校正的工作,他慈祥的笑着說:「頌
平,這是不急的工作,你有空時去作好了,用不着在此地趕的。回家太晚了,你太太不會怪你嗎?」先生說話往往這樣風趣的,胡頌平於是帶着這些文件回家去。
(參閱胡頌平「適之先生『康南耳傳』的最後校改」此文收入李敖編的</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《胡適選集‧人物》頁</span><span lang="EN-US">17-20</span><span style="font-size: small;">,原刊</span>載於<span style="font-size: small;">【</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">《</span><span style="font-size: small;">文星</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span style="font-size: small;">一五十四號,五十一年四月出版)</span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">胡適 《康南耳傳 》校改本(hc按: 1962),<b>送給</b></span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">徐高阮、</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">毛子水</span>、<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺靜農</span>、<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">臺大圖書館</span>、<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成功大學圖書館</span>、<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">李敖</span>、蔣孟鄰、<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沈宗瀚</span>、<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">錢天鶴</span> 、<span lang="EN-US">(</span><span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">經胡頌平提起,加中央圖書館</span><span lang="EN-US">)。</span></div>
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<span face="新細明體" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 《</span>胡適日記》1941.1.11日:晚上到Cornell Club的FOUNDATION DAY* 聚餐,我演說"Ezra Cornell",這是我今年第一次演說。</blockquote>
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*2016.1.11<br />
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<span class="fwn fcg" style="color: #9197a3;"><span class="fwb" style="font-weight: bold;"><a class="profileLink" data-ft="{"tn":"k"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=8570160131" href="https://www.facebook.com/Cornell/" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Cornell University</a></span> 和 <a class="profileLink" data-ft="{"tn":"l"}" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/user.php?id=100004667041043" href="https://www.facebook.com/kasatto.getto" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;">Kabaka Izzi VI</a>。</span></h5>
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Today is Ezra Cornell's 209th Birthday. Happy Birthday Ezra!<br />All about Ezra: <a href="http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ezra/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ezra/</a></div>
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康乃爾共同創立人<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a><br />
胡適留學時讀過他的回憶錄 <br />
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<li><i>The Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White</i> (1911), online at <i>Autobiography of Andrew Dickson White</i>: <a class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1340" rel="nofollow">Vol. 1</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1370" rel="nofollow">Vol. 2</a></li>
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<th class="n" colspan="2" style="font-size: 125%; text-align: center;"><span class="fn">Ezra Cornell</span></th>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ezra_Cornell.jpg"><img alt="" height="279" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ezra_Cornell.jpg/220px-Ezra_Cornell.jpg" width="220" /></a></td>
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<th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center;">1st <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Board_of_Trustees" title="Cornell University Board of Trustees">Chairman of Cornell Board of Trustees</a></th>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: none; text-align: center;"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />
1866–1874</td>
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<th style="text-align: left;"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th>
<td><i>none</i></td>
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<th style="text-align: left;"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th>
<td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Sage" title="Henry W. Sage">Henry W. Sage</a></td>
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<th colspan="2" style="background-color: lavender; text-align: center;">Personal details</th>
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<th style="text-align: left;">Born</th>
<td>January 11, 1807<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></td>
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<th style="text-align: left;">Died</th>
<td>December 9, 1874 (aged 67)</td>
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<th style="text-align: left;">Signature</th>
<td><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ezra_Cornell_signature.svg" title="Ezra Cornell's signature"><img alt="" height="37" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ezra_Cornell_signature.svg/128px-Ezra_Cornell_signature.svg.png" width="128" /></a></td>
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<b>Ezra Cornell</b> (January 11, 1807 – December 9, 1874) was an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> businessman and education administrator. He was a founder of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> and a co-founder of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. He also served as President of the New York Agriculture Society and as a state Senator.<br />
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<span class="toctoggle"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#" id="togglelink">hide</a>] </span></div>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#Birth_and_early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Birth and early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#Marriage_and_early_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Marriage and early career</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#Telegraph"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Telegraph</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#Cornell_University"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cornell University</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#Later_life"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Later life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
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<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Cornell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and early life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</span></h2>
He was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a>, the son of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">potter</a>, Elijah Cornell, and was raised near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeRuyter_%28town%29,_New_York" title="DeRuyter (town), New York">DeRuyter, New York</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-0">[1]</a></sup> He was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin#Cousin_chart" title="Cousin">a first cousin, five times removed</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> on his maternal grandmother's side. He was also a cousin of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cornell_%28Chicago%29" title="Paul Cornell (Chicago)">Paul Cornell</a>, the founder of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_%28Chicago%29" title="Hyde Park (Chicago)">Hyde Park</a> neighborhood. Having traveled extensively as a carpenter in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State" title="New York State">New York State</a>, Ezra, upon first setting eyes on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga_Lake" title="Cayuga Lake">Cayuga Lake</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a>, decided Ithaca would be his future home.<br />
The emigrant Thomas Cornell was probably Puritan at first then a follower of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Williams_%28theologian%29" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a> drifting into <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakerism" title="Quakerism">Quakerism</a> which seems to have been the religion of his descendants. Written by John Cornell at the Cornell Homestead<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-1">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-2">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-3">[4]</a></sup> in So. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth, Rhode Island</a> and dated August 7, 1901. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> Portsmouth, RI is noteworthy in American history for the 1638 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Compact" title="Portsmouth Compact">Portsmouth Compact</a> declaring for a separation of church and state rivaling the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_Remonstrance" title="Flushing Remonstrance">Flushing Remonstrance</a> of 1657 declaring for religious tolerance in New Amsterdam, Quakers in particular.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Cornell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and early career">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Marriage_and_early_career">Marriage and early career</span></h2>
After settling in at Ithaca, Ezra quickly went to work proving himself as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenter</a>. Colonel Beebe took notice of the industrious young man and made him the manager of his mill at <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fall_Creek_%28stream%29&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Fall Creek (stream) (page does not exist)">Fall Creek</a>.<br />
Ezra Cornell was a birthright <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" title="Religious Society of Friends">Quaker</a>, but was later disowned by the Society of Friends for marrying outside of the faith to a "world's woman," a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> by the name of Mary Ann Wood. Ezra and Mary Ann were married March 19, 1831, in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryden_%28village%29,_New_York" title="Dryden (village), New York">Dryden, New York</a>.<br />
On February 24, 1832, Ezra Cornell wrote the following response to
his expulsion from The Society of Friends due to his marriage to Mary
Ann Wood:<br />
<dl><dd>I have always considered that choosing a companion for life was a
very important affair and that my happiness or misery in this life
depended on the choice…</dd></dl>
The young and growing family needed more income than could be earned
as manager of Beebe's Mills. So, having purchased rights in a patent for
a new type of plow, Ezra began what would be decades of traveling away
from Ithaca. His territories for sales of the plow were the states of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.
His plan was to sell in Maine in the summer and the milder Georgia in
the winter. With limited means, what transported Ezra between the two
states were his own two feet.<br />
<h2>
<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Cornell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Telegraph">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Telegraph">Telegraph</span></h2>
Happening into the offices of the <i>Maine Farmer</i> in 1842, Ezra
saw an acquaintance of his, one F.O.J. Smith, bent over some plans for a
"scraper" as Smith called it. For services rendered, Smith had been
granted a one-quarter share of the telegraph <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patent</a> held by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F.B. Morse</a>, and was attempting to devise a way of burying the telegraph lines in the ground in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> pipe.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-5">[6]</a></sup>
Ezra's knowledge of plows was put to the test and Ezra devised a
special kind of plow that would dig a 2½ foot ditch, lay the pipe and
telegraph wire in the ditch and cover it back up as it went. Later it
was found that condensation in the pipes and poor <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_insulation" title="Electrical insulation">insulation</a> of the wires impeded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electrical current</a> on the wires and so hanging the wire from telegraph poles became the accepted method.<br />
Ezra made his fortune in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> business as an associate of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>, having gained his trust by constructing and stringing the telegraph poles between <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>,
as the first ever telegraph line of substance in the U.S. To address
the problem of telegraph lines shorting out to the ground, Cornell
invented the idea of using glass insulators at the point where telegraph
lines are connected to supporting poles. After joining with Morse,
Cornell supervised the erection of many telegraph lines, including a
portion of the New York, Albany & Buffalo line in 1846 and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_and_Michigan_Telegraph_Company" title="Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company">Erie and Michigan Telegraph Company</a> connecting Buffalo to Milwaukee with partners <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Speed" title="John James Speed">John James Speed</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ormand_Jonathan_Smith" title="Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith">Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith</a>.
Cornell, Speed and Smith also built the New York and Erie line
competing with and paralleling to the south the New York, Albany and
Buffalo line in which Morse had a major share.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> The line was completed in 1849 and Cornell was made president of the company.<br />
Cornell's sister Phoebe married Martin B. Wood and moved to Albion,
Michigan, in 1848. Cornell gave Wood a job constructing new lines and
made Phoebe his telegraph operator, the first woman operator in the
United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup><br />
Cornell earned a substantial fortune when the Erie and Michigan was consolidated with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Sibley" title="Hiram Sibley">Hiram Sibley</a> and his New York and Mississippi Company to form the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup> Cornell received two million in Western Union stock <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup><br />
Cornell was a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> member of both the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Legislature" title="New York Legislature">New York State Senate and Assembly</a>.<br />
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<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Cornell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cornell University">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Cornell_University">Cornell University</span></h2>
Cornell retired from Western Union and turned his attention to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a>. He endowed the Cornell Library, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a> for the citizens of Ithaca. A lifelong enthusiast of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, he saw great opportunity in the 1862 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrill_Land-Grant_Colleges_Act" title="Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act">Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act</a> to found a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> that would teach practical subjects on an equal basis with the classics favored by more traditional institutions. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a> helped secure the new institution's status as New York's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_grant_university" title="Land grant university">land grant university</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> was granted a charter through their efforts in 1865.<br />
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Llenroc, home of Ezra Cornell</div>
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<span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Cornell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Later_life">Later life</span></h2>
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Cornell's sarcophagus in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Chapel" title="Sage Chapel">Sage Chapel</a></div>
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Ezra Cornell entered the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad" title="Railroad">railroad</a> business, but fared poorly due to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>. He began construction of a palatial Ithaca mansion, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenroc" title="Llenroc">Llenroc</a>
(Cornell spelled in reverse) to replace his farmhouse, Forest Home, but
died before it was completed. Llenroc was maintained by Cornell's heirs
for several decades until being sold to the local chapter of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Phi" title="Delta Phi">Delta Phi</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">fraternity</a>, which occupies it to this day; Forest Home was sold to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Tau_Delta" title="Delta Tau Delta">Delta Tau Delta</a> chapter and later demolished. Cornell is interred in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage_Chapel" title="Sage Chapel">Sage Chapel</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell's</a> campus, along with <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Willard_Fiske" title="Daniel Willard Fiske">Daniel Willard Fiske</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_McGraw" title="Jennie McGraw">Jennie McGraw</a>.<br />
A prolific letter writer, Ezra corresponded with a great many people
and would write dozens of letters each week. This was due partly to his
wide traveling, and also to the many business associates he maintained
during his years as an entrepreneur and later as a politician and
university founder. Cornell University has made the approximately 30,000
letters in the <a class="external text" href="http://cidc.library.cornell.edu/cornell/guide.htm" rel="nofollow">Cornell Correspondence</a> available online.<br />
His eldest son, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Alonzo B. Cornell</a>, was later governor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>.
Since its founding, the University's charter specified that the eldest
lineal descendent of Cornell is granted a life seat on Cornell
University's Board of Trustees,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup> currently Ezra Cornell IV. (Since Ezra Cornell IV took the post on November 17, 1969,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-11">[12]</a></sup> the law was amended from specifying the "eldest male lineal descendent.")<br />
In 1990, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._David_Low" title="G. David Low">G. David Low</a>, graduate of Cornell University and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> astronaut, took with him into outer space a pair of tan <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> socks worn by Ezra Cornell on his wedding day in 1831.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Cornell#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup><br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: 100%;">《胡適的一個夢想》: 康南耳傳/ 記弗勒斯納/學術獨立計畫</span></h2>
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人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-91808116946661632372024-01-09T16:22:00.000-08:002024-01-09T16:22:29.220-08:00佳美 (9) 胡適的白話詩「一念」真個害刻骨的相思。森林,路...... 大仲馬等人小說……好看,胡適之先生重視伍光建等譯才<p> </p><p> </p><p>佳美 (1~9) 胡適的白話詩「一念」真個害刻骨的相思。森林,路 ( 孫景武 2024.1 ) 南風吹過廚房 2008.美國 Alexander (1898~1976)和 日本利用稻草設計品 林文月老師的。《京都一年》1970 到《千載難逢竟逢》2008......《源氏物語 38 夕霧 一小段 》江平。馬諦斯 ( Henri Matisse, 1869 – 1954) 師生拜訪(1917) 雷諾瓦 (Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1841 – 1919) 。,澳洲墨爾本的早餐革命。音樂家室友行銷她33年無人理會的大理石雕塑 (HANNA ESHEL 1926 - 2023. 回憶錄 Michelangelo and Me: Six Years in My Carrara Haven ) </p><p><br /></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">佳美 (9) 胡適的白話詩「一念」真個害刻骨的相思。森林,路 (蔣勳)「地上本來沒有路,走的人多了,就走出路來。」。 我的"小牛走過的路" (漫畫詩) </span></p><p><span style="font-size: large;">https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/224287770731326</span></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> 佳美 (8) : "薑醋皮蛋百搭烏魚子 從來沒有讓我失落過....." ( 孫景武 2024.1 ),人生清單 - 4 - 維多利亞散冊相簿。南風吹過廚房 2008.10 Pomegranate (石榴) </p><p> https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/274240338694029</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> “佳美”(第5集):女性裝飾品、首飾的設計兩家: 美國 Alexander (1898~1976)和 日本利用稻草設計品 an artisan weaves it into modern ornaments, redefining straw craftwork. Rice Straw: Beauty within the Prayers of Daily Life </p><p><br /></p><p>https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/883891943187328</p><p>https://hcpeople.blogspot.com/2024/01/5-alexander-18981976-artisan-weaves-it.html</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div>佳美 (1~4) 林文月老師的《京都一年》1970 到《千載難逢竟逢》2008......《源氏物語 38 夕霧 一小段 》江平。馬諦斯 ( Henri Matisse, 1869 – 1954) 師生拜訪(1917) 雷諾瓦 (Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1841 – 1919) 。,澳洲墨爾本的早餐革命。音樂家室友行銷她33年無人理會的大理石雕塑 (HANNA ESHEL 1926 - 2023. 回憶錄 Michelangelo and Me: Six Years in My Carrara Haven ) </div><div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p> <span style="font-size: xx-large;">佳美 (4)石山寺:林文月老師的《京都一年》1970 到《千載難逢竟逢》2008......《源氏物語 38 夕霧 一小段 》桑原武夫選《一日一言 八月十四》,林文月譯。小西甚一《日本文學史 女流文學的全盛期》 鄭清茂譯;林皎碧介紹江戶時代繪師月岡芳年《月百姿 石山月》</span></p><p>https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/1791868167920020</p><p><br /></p><h1 class="css-1l8buln e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-3a6198fd" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 2.5rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.875rem; margin: 0px auto 0.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal;"><span style="font-weight: 400;"> 佳美 (3) </span>馬諦斯 ( Henri Matisse, 1869 – 1954) 師生拜訪(1917) 雷諾瓦 (Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 1841 – 1919) <span style="font-weight: 400;">於新居 Cagnes-sur-Mer, 近地中海海岸.</span></p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;">https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/750380646429097</p><p style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400;">https://hcmemory.blogspot.com/2024/01/3-henri-matisse-1869-1954-1917-pierre.html</p></h1><h1 class="css-1l8buln e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-3a6198fd" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 2.5rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.875rem; margin: 0px auto 0.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><br /></h1><h1 class="css-1l8buln e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-3a6198fd" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-primary,#121212); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.875rem; margin: 0px auto 0.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><span face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, times new roman, times, serif" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 40px;"><i>佳美 (2) 「中國法學界的良心」江平逝世;澳洲墨爾本的早餐革命 ˇBrought Avocado Toast to the World (Bill Granger)</i></span></span></h1><h1 class="css-1l8buln e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-3a6198fd" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-primary,#121212); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.875rem; margin: 0px auto 0.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><span face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, times new roman, times, serif" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 40px;"><i>https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/956116719167649</i></span></span></h1><div><span face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, times new roman, times, serif" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 40px;"><i>https://hcmemory.blogspot.com/2023/12/2-brought-avocado-toast-to-world-bill.html</i></span></span></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>佳美 (1) 音樂家室友行銷她33年無人理會的大理石雕塑 (HANNA ESHEL 1926 - 2023. 回憶錄 Michelangelo and Me: Six Years in My Carrara Haven ) </div><div><br /></div><div>https://hcmemory.blogspot.com/2023/12/1-hanna-eshel-1926-2023-michelangelo.html</div><div><br /></div><div>https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/6777539732374515</div><p><br /><br /><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/21/multimedia/21Eschel-01-tfvq/21Eschel-01-tfvq-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" /><br />Hanna Eshel in her NoHo loft in 1979. Her artwork, particularly her marble sculptures, won praise from gallerists and the New York art world, but not until later in her life.Credit...via Patrick Parrish Gallery<br /><br /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/arts/hanna-eshel-dead.html?searchResultPosition=1#site-content">SKIP TO CONTENT</a><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/arts/hanna-eshel-dead.html?searchResultPosition=1#site-index">SKIP TO SITE INDEX</a><br />Section Navigation<br /><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/international/"></a><br /><br />Account<br /><br /><br /><br />Her Sculptures Were Ignored for 33 Years. Then She Got a New Roommate.<br /><br />Hanna Eshel did not succeed in the New York art world. Her only reliable exhibit space was her own loft. But a musician in search of a home changed that.<br /><br /><br />Hanna Eshel in her NoHo loft in 1979. Her artwork, particularly her marble sculptures, won praise from gallerists and the New York art world, but not until later in her life.Credit...via Patrick Parrish Gallery<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></p><div class="wDYxhc NFQFxe viOShc LKPcQc" data-md="471" style="clear: both;"><div class="qDOt0b" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(218, 220, 224); padding-bottom: 6px;"><div class="wDYxhc" data-md="61" style="clear: none;"><div aria-level="3" class="LGOjhe" data-attrid="wa:/description" data-hveid="CDIQAA" role="heading" style="margin: 10px 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="ILfuVd NA6bn" lang="en" style="line-height: 20px;"><span class="hgKElc" style="padding: 0px 8px 0px 0px;">HANNA ESHEL (1926 - 2023) was a <b>multi-disciplinary artist</b> who began her studies at the Bezalel School of Art and served as Lieutenant of Cartography in the Israeli Air Force during the 1948 War of Independence.</span></span></div></div><div class="wDYxhc" data-md="78" style="background-color: white; clear: both; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div class="setTDc"><div data-hveid="CBgQAA" data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQFSgAegQIGBAA" lang="en"><div class="tF2Cxc" style="position: relative;"><div class="yuRUbf" style="font-size: small; line-height: 1.58;"><span jsaction="rcuQ6b:npT2md;PYDNKe:bLV6Bd;mLt3mc" jscontroller="msmzHf"><a data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQFnoECBgQAw" href="https://www.patrickparrish.com/artist/hanna-eshel#:~:text=HANNA%20ESHEL%20(1926%20%2D%202023),the%201948%20War%20of%20Independence." jsname="UWckNb" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.patrickparrish.com/artist/hanna-eshel%23:~:text%3DHANNA%2520ESHEL%2520(1926%2520%252D%25202023),the%25201948%2520War%2520of%2520Independence.&ved=2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQFnoECBgQAw&sqi=2" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb MBeuO DKV0Md" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.375; margin: 18px 0px 3px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;">Hanna Eshel | Patrick Parrish</h3><div class="notranslate TbwUpd YmJh3d NJjxre iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="align-items: center; display: flex; font-size: 14px; left: 0px; line-height: 1.58; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: none; top: 0px;"><span class="H9lube" style="align-items: center; background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(53, 37, 251); display: inline-flex; height: 26px; justify-content: center; margin-right: 12px; vertical-align: middle; width: 26px;"><div aria-hidden="true" class="eqA2re NjwKYd Vwoesf" style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><img alt="" class="XNo5Ab" data-atf="4" data-csiid="43" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAACAAAAAgCAYAAABzenr0AAABFklEQVR4Ae3WM1RHURzA8Xeas22bS7anOGXbbdntpzmPtZ+TNWbu2Xb96uZ7382uO3z+ePw+P84j3fdbfX8AC2ABLCA46hxIho7HIGR+ipH13AWxpDkew4FtHsX8XZAJ3sSg+a3kgOf/BKBlfluAaujK9+8BLZt9sBQAHi4tfQNIAU47YKO6h0ELQFAccvs/rHqNx6bwEEVg5KvPwKb54IzEleVuAIEagJC7D21BRvwKCQWgFWJ06w7BeXwZHIdWsO93BSCvCUArJbGAF5+ELqan55bS0EKize9Vc0g94S5X2Eri9CPngWTrfL1CjNlJK+1e7l+8A6SI7mOImzkjUednAb8qoP09AbHTZ+3sjYgFsAAWQHMBCPjm1Ax7NFsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=" style="display: block; height: 18px; width: 18px;" /></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="color: #202124; display: block; line-height: 20px; text-wrap: nowrap;">Patrick Parrish</span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; font-style: normal; height: 19px; line-height: 1.58; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;">https://www.patrickparrish.com<span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"> › artist › hanna-eshel</span></cite></div></div></div></a></span><div class="B6fmyf byrV5b Mg1HEd" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row; height: auto; position: absolute; text-wrap: nowrap; top: 0px; visibility: hidden;"><div class="TbwUpd YmJh3d iUh30 ojE3Fb" style="align-items: center; display: flex; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.58; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: none;"><span class="H9lube" style="align-items: center; background-color: #f1f3f4; border-radius: 50%; border: 1px solid rgb(53, 37, 251); display: inline-flex; height: 26px; justify-content: center; margin-right: 12px; vertical-align: middle; width: 26px;"><div class="eqA2re NjwKYd" style="height: 18px; margin-right: 0px; width: 18px;"></div></span><div class="GTRloc"><span class="VuuXrf" style="display: block; line-height: 20px;"></span><div class="byrV5b" style="-webkit-box-align: center; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: row;"><cite class="qLRx3b tjvcx GvPZzd cHaqb" role="text" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; font-style: normal; height: 19px; line-height: 1.58; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;"><span class="ylgVCe ob9lvb" role="text"></span></cite></div></div></div><div class="csDOgf BCF2pd ezY6nb L48a4c" style="display: inline; height: 18px; margin-left: 8px; margin-top: 16px; position: relative; visibility: visible;"><div data-bsextraheight="0" data-isdesktop="true" data-movewtractions="true" data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQ2esEegQIGBAN" jscontroller="exgaYe" jsdata="l7Bhpb;_;CZXHzE cECq7c;_;CZXHzI"><div aria-label="About this result" class="iTPLzd rNSxBe lUn2nc" jsaction="RvIhPd" jsname="I3kE2c" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; left: 0px; line-height: 16px; outline: 0px; padding-bottom: 20px; padding-right: 12px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 28px; z-index: 1;" tabindex="0"><span class="D6lY4c mBswFe" jsname="czHhOd" style="border-radius: 11px; height: 22px; position: absolute; width: 22px;"><span class="xTFaxe z1asCe" jsname="Bil8Ae" style="color: #4d5156; display: inline-block; fill: currentcolor; height: 18px; line-height: 18px; position: relative; top: 2px; width: 18px;"><svg focusable="false" viewbox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 8c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2s-.9-2-2-2-2 .9-2 2 .9 2 2 2zm0 2c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2zm0 6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2s.9 2 2 2 2-.9 2-2-.9-2-2-2z"></path></svg></span></span></div><span data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQh-4GegQIGBAO" jsname="zOVa8"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="IsZvec" style="color: #4d5156; line-height: 1.58; max-width: 48em;"><span class="aCOpRe ljeAnf" style="-webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-line-clamp: 2; display: -webkit-box; line-height: 1.58; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden;"></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wDYxhc" data-attrid="kc:/people/person:born" data-hveid="CBcQAA" data-md="1001" data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQkCl6BAgXEAA" style="background-color: white; clear: none; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div class="Z1hOCe"><div class="zloOqf PZPZlf" data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQyxMoAHoECBcQAQ" style="line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 7px;"><div class="rVusze"><span class="w8qArf" style="font-weight: bolder;">Born: </span><span class="LrzXr kno-fv wHYlTd z8gr9e" style="line-height: 22px;">1926 (age 97 years)</span></div></div></div></div><div class="wDYxhc" data-attrid="kc:/book/author:books only" data-hveid="CBYQAA" data-md="1001" data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQkCl6BAgWEAA" style="background-color: white; clear: none; color: #202124; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><div class="Z1hOCe"><div class="zloOqf PZPZlf" data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQyxMoAHoECBYQAQ" style="line-height: 1.58; margin-top: 7px;"><div class="rVusze"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="w8qArf" style="font-weight: bolder;">Books: </span><span class="LrzXr kno-fv wHYlTd z8gr9e" style="line-height: 22px;"><a class="fl" data-ved="2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQmxMoAHoECBYQAg" href="https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=594665184&sxsrf=AM9HkKnNc5utxVsQSEhxENQgK0aTZhh7dg:1703987616193&q=Michelangelo+and+Me:+Six+Years+in+My+Carrara+Haven+Hanna+Eshel&si=ALGXSlZU63x8z7xlCa27RXiAG2NButbVxA_Eksbf-9a1ezBX8QDaF77HyHWAOicDZdM-GKBmGCE2mDnEXn3ncElvmd_UKKbeLRkwtVC9XI0st0O3SBxWHgTkp_w8udnRRRtV2bYeBZRRZgz14F8ypZZB2p8tanwvrfYXw82p8fiPrYYTC9To_GF5vMgkNosxBovD-TN45PDSK0zzFgw8zMvbHqrrlPRNQtxYdk3xRXuVapcEEK51QQ_xLtngfBb07FNCw5CVtUfLtvGuMXizlGDlrPy0pszSDw%3D%3D&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=2ahUKEwj7gMLEyLiDAxXRsFYBHddiDFUQmxMoAHoECBYQAg" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); color: #1a0dab; outline: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Michelangelo and Me: Six Years in My Carrara Haven</a></span></span></div></div></div></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-79elbk" data-testid="photoviewer-wrapper" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-1a48zt4 e11si9ry5" data-testid="photoviewer-children" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; opacity: 1; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; transition: opacity 0.3s ease 0.2s; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure aria-label="media" class="img-sz-large css-hxpw2c e1g7ppur0" role="group" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 2.5rem auto; max-width: 1200px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 945px;"><div class="css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0" data-testid="photoviewer-children-figure" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><picture><img alt="The inside of Ms. Eshel’s loft, which features wood floors painted white; marble sculpture arranged throughout; large plants; books and a work desk." class="css-r3fift" decoding="async" height="400" pinger-seen="true" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1/21Eschel-05-tfvq-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1/21Eschel-05-tfvq-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1/21Eschel-05-tfvq-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1/21Eschel-05-tfvq-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 2048w" style="border: 0px; 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font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.25rem; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">When Quinn Luke first saw Ms. Eshel’s loft, he agreed to move in on the spot.</span><span class="css-1u46b97 e1z0qqy90" color="var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272)" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Credit...</span><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-hidden="false" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Clemens Kois, via Patrick Parrish Gallery</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div><div class="css-18fmhkh e11si9ry2" data-testid="placeholder" height="630.2999877929688px" id="photo-21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 630.3px; left: 67px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 945px;" width="945px"><div class="css-tux0zj e11si9ry3" data-testid="photoviewer-overlay" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0); border: 0px; font: inherit; inset: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; transition: top 0.2s ease 0s, right 0.2s ease 0s, bottom 0.2s ease 0s, left 0.2s ease 0s; 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marble sculpture arranged throughout; large plants; books and a work desk." decoding="async" loading="lazy" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1/21Eschel-05-tfvq-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1/21Eschel-05-tfvq-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1/21Eschel-05-tfvq-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1/21Eschel-05-tfvq-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 2048w" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 630.3px; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 945px;" /></picture></div></div></div><button aria-controls="photo-21Eschel-05-tfvq-print1" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Expand this image" class="css-1gzt25a e11si9ry0" data-testid="photoviewer-expand-button" style="appearance: button; 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padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><picture class="css-1j5kxti" style="display: block; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 300ms ease-in-out 0s; width: 945px;"><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-09-tfvq-print2/21Eschel-09-tfvq-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=600"></source><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-09-tfvq-print2/21Eschel-09-tfvq-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1200"></source><source media="(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-09-tfvq-print2/21Eschel-09-tfvq-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale&width=1800"></source><img alt="Mr. Luke, with long hair, glasses and white pants, sits on a couch in the loft. Canvas paintings in purple and white are visible on the wall. Sculptures sit on shelves, the floor and a coffee table." class="css-1m50asq" decoding="async" loading="lazy" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-09-tfvq-print2/21Eschel-09-tfvq-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-09-tfvq-print2/21Eschel-09-tfvq-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-09-tfvq-print2/21Eschel-09-tfvq-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/31/multimedia/21Eschel-09-tfvq-print2/21Eschel-09-tfvq-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp 2048w" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: top; width: 945px;" /></picture></div></div></div><figcaption class="css-1g9ic6e ewdxa0s0" data-testid="photoviewer-children-caption" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272); font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 10px 20px 0px 0px; max-width: 720px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="css-jevhma e13ogyst0" color="var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272)" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.25rem; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Mr. Luke in Ms. Eshel’s loft in 2013.</span><span class="css-1u46b97 e1z0qqy90" color="var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272)" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.125rem; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0" style="border: 0px; clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font: inherit; height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 1px;">Credit...</span><span style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span aria-hidden="false" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Clemens Kois, via Patrick Parrish Gallery</span></span></span></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><p><br /></p><p class="css-myxawk" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: nyt-franklin, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.6875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 0.6875rem; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">ARTS</p><h4 class="css-2fgx4k" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.4375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.5625rem; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Her Sculptures Were Ignored for 33 Years. Then She Got a New Roommate.</h4><p class="css-16nhkrn" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.25rem; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Hanna Eshel did not succeed in the New York art world. Her only reliable exhibit space was her own loft. But a musician in search of a home changed that.</p><p class="css-15w69y9" style="border: 0px; color: #121212; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.75rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 0.75rem; margin: 6px 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">By Alex Traub</p><div class="css-1rq7uyl" style="border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-color: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 0px 0px; font: inherit; margin: 15px 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 80px;"></div><p><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/29/arts/hanna-eshel-dead.html?searchResultPosition=1" style="border: 0px; color: black; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="css-h4mf4" face="nyt-franklin, helvetica, arial, sans-serif" style="border: 0px; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.6875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 7px 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">PRINT EDITION</span>Her Works Lived in Obscurity for Decades. A Roommate Changed That.</a></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span></p><p class="css-myxawk" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: nyt-franklin, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.6875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.5px; line-height: 0.6875rem; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">ARTS</p><h4 class="css-2fgx4k" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.4375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.5625rem; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Send in the Bugs. The Michelangelos Need Cleaning.</h4><p class="css-16nhkrn" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.2px; line-height: 1.25rem; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Last fall, with the Medici Chapel in Florence operating on reduced hours because of Covid-19, scientists and restorers completed a secret experiment: They unleashed grime-eating bacteria on the artist’s masterpiece marbles.</p><p><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/30/arts/bacteria-cleaning-michelangelo-medici-restoration.html?searchResultPosition=6" style="border: 0px; color: black; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"></a></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;">2014年紐約時報</span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><span face="nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 20px;">She was </span><a class="css-yywogo" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/04/09/legacy-a-love-eternal/" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891); text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" title="">profiled</a><span face="nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 20px;"> in T, the style magazine of The Times. Designers and artists began to report that they </span><a class="css-yywogo" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/04/t-magazine/at-home-with-ana-kras-new-york-design-star-of-the-moment.html" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891); text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" title="">collected</a><span face="nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 20px;"> or </span><a class="css-yywogo" href="https://joshuaryaan.github.io/cmfrankson/furniture.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891); text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">were</a><span face="nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 20px;"> </span><a class="css-yywogo" href="https://connectwith.art/interviews/connecting-with-oliver-cook-interview/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891); text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">inspired</a><span face="nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 20px;"> </span><a class="css-yywogo" href="https://blog.bingbangnyc.com/post/83747334174/a-glimpse-into-the-beautiful-little-world-anna" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891); text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">by</a><span face="nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 20px;"> her paintings and sculptures. “Part of the thrill of viewing Eshel’s work,” Daisy Alioto, a journalist and editor, </span><a class="css-yywogo" href="https://thedesignedit.com/exhibitions/new-york-dispatch-ii/" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="border: 0px; font-family: nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-color: var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891); text-decoration-style: solid; text-decoration-thickness: 1px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="">wrote</a><span face="nyt-imperial, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 20px;"> in 2019, “is the frisson of knowing it almost ended in the shadows.”</span></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;">*****</span><span class="css-bc0f0m" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><span face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, times new roman, times, serif"><span style="font-size: 15px;">grime-eating </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 15px;">吃污垢的</span></span><span class="css-bc0f0m" face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; display: block; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1rem; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px; max-width: 360px; min-width: fit-content; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><br /></span></p><p><br /><br /></p><div class="t_bt19logei f_bt19lsk99 clearfix" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: -1px; zoom: 1;"><div class="clearfix i_bt19lohjp" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -6px; zoom: 1;"><div class="clearfix _42ef" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden; zoom: 1;"><div class="q_bt19lohji" style="font-family: inherit; padding-bottom: 6px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="_6a _5u5j" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; width: 428px;"><div class="_6a _5u5j _6b" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; vertical-align: middle; width: 428px;"><h5 class="_7tae _14f3 _14f5 _5pbw _5vra" data-ft="{"tn":"C"}" id="u_fetchstream_35_y" style="color: #1c1e21; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin: 0px 0px 2px; padding: 0px 22px 0px 0px;"><span class="fwn fcg" style="color: #616770; font-family: inherit;"><span class="fwb fcg" data-ft="{"tn":"k"}" style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600;"><a data-hovercard-prefer-more-content-show="1" data-hovercard-referer="ARQh0VnrHbQycErJIUrvDuJ_WbxstMWCjA6CjuCXOPC0Ltv5cb1E2towLFYheRTbTTo" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=118604413043&extragetparams=%7B%22__tn__%22%3A%22%2CdkC-R-R%22%2C%22eid%22%3A%22ARCNig4fn2KXwdzxfol6ad81rJ4NYbqXXL00OxNfqc-Oe2_J6FEvT1GSh75w4QgqqKeDw69GBcuTMfjH%22%2C%22hc_ref%22%3A%22ARQh0VnrHbQycErJIUrvDuJ_WbxstMWCjA6CjuCXOPC0Ltv5cb1E2towLFYheRTbTTo%22%2C%22fref%22%3A%22nf%22%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/nationalgalleryofart/?__tn__=kC-R&eid=ARCNig4fn2KXwdzxfol6ad81rJ4NYbqXXL00OxNfqc-Oe2_J6FEvT1GSh75w4QgqqKeDw69GBcuTMfjH&hc_ref=ARQh0VnrHbQycErJIUrvDuJ_WbxstMWCjA6CjuCXOPC0Ltv5cb1E2towLFYheRTbTTo&fref=nf&__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARDcS18rdtEwUC6NSydHvrhhgaxU0SnL8poXGXGZzHuVmM6GjqhHQY7wOn6BM_HnA1gIsKz1pPDl2E1BtiPc54hy53GJO1th95Z4Q4KaE2bPrT6y552aUxaM9CK25IMx6URrl2uhJWLjNEl7h-fliMN5BIhdrcVyjawaQU4wZ_XJNE48cPId5ypyCpEI-61gmF18XAWxTQGYa4eLUag-pZ84g9nM_vHiPm1NhYZU9g7c63k_UK1pUPyxmt2llNlanpIRLpk9RfL0_FL2G_J0XDaRL2dPrUx2oc5pCuU3A1Eeo1AMErO-wZ3uSUZl69HdLI-pC_ISKyScWVnioQZLMSk-FH1jOspLsr8dG9gWlstLxqbA" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; text-decoration-line: none;">National Gallery of Art</a></span></span></h5></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="_5pbx userContent _3576" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}" data-testid="post_message" id="js_rco" style="background-color: white; color: #1d2129; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.38; margin-top: 6px;"><div style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 6px;">For the first time at the Gallery, you can watch a conservator treat works for art in the galleries! Thanks to an Art Conservation Project grant from <a aria-describedby="u_hj_1" aria-owns="js_tas" class="profileLink" data-hovercard-prefer-more-content-show="1" data-hovercard="/ajax/hovercard/page.php?id=179590995428478&extragetparams=%7B%22__tn__%22%3A%22%2CdK-R-R%22%2C%22eid%22%3A%22ARC5_ueozQoL6wz5E78vrvJDKxW0BQa2-XJA6gf6Sw2ZPhFW-OWucQk-u70bnWdFPTMJGPybMqjJ2vY8%22%2C%22fref%22%3A%22mentions%22%7D" href="https://www.facebook.com/BankofAmerica/?__tn__=K-R&eid=ARC5_ueozQoL6wz5E78vrvJDKxW0BQa2-XJA6gf6Sw2ZPhFW-OWucQk-u70bnWdFPTMJGPybMqjJ2vY8&fref=mentions&__xts__%5B0%5D=68.ARDcS18rdtEwUC6NSydHvrhhgaxU0SnL8poXGXGZzHuVmM6GjqhHQY7wOn6BM_HnA1gIsKz1pPDl2E1BtiPc54hy53GJO1th95Z4Q4KaE2bPrT6y552aUxaM9CK25IMx6URrl2uhJWLjNEl7h-fliMN5BIhdrcVyjawaQU4wZ_XJNE48cPId5ypyCpEI-61gmF18XAWxTQGYa4eLUag-pZ84g9nM_vHiPm1NhYZU9g7c63k_UK1pUPyxmt2llNlanpIRLpk9RfL0_FL2G_J0XDaRL2dPrUx2oc5pCuU3A1Eeo1AMErO-wZ3uSUZl69HdLI-pC_ISKyScWVnioQZLMSk-FH1jOspLsr8dG9gWlstLxqbA" id="js_u41" style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;">Bank of America</a>, conservator Robert Price will spend the next year treating six 17th and 18th century marble sculptures in the West Building’s East Sculpture Hall. He’ll be removing dust, dirt, and grime accumulated on the sculptures as well as improving previous restorations that have discolored over time.</div></div><p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="http://p.nytimes.com/email/re?location=pMJKdIFVI6pghfX2HXfSzxRpdoyDWYNWWt41ZRRC2JjVn+wnIQHjDZepbdWOkjuDfbuG8yJd/CHyxHh1LMcpXIP5WBILVtx7IzEyEVvJwFvMViDzmFNB2KpsaR+VPFqNKH7pilVGwlwxCKqOykU0Y5mq3HBI+0+Z&campaign_id=29607&instance_id=110382&segment_id=119683&user_id=704b0f0abf4580b6e9dd32526c4326d6&regi_id=20755157"><img border="0" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/2ixSxPngEL984-1suJvyfH2znaPeOwrtkrxhBKLsVEe2-Y1nPm11XABl9l9R47UENHeDWv-F8XYoWQ734snOnjaWymlsimoMxn1qgv0nGxaLf2tPW-6Hw9gIVWcQqjX6PjwMVqiBywWgzc-ArmzvJgBT=s0-d-e1-ft#https://static01.nyt.com/images/2018/01/02/world/00tajmahal-1/00tajmahal-1-thumbStandard.jpg" /></a><br /><a href="http://p.nytimes.com/email/re?location=pMJKdIFVI6pghfX2HXfSzxRpdoyDWYNWWt41ZRRC2JjVn+wnIQHjDZepbdWOkjuDfbuG8yJd/CHyxHh1LMcpXIP5WBILVtx7IzEyEVvJwFvMViDzmFNB2KpsaR+VPFqNKH7pilVGwlwxCKqOykU0Y5mq3HBI+0+Z&campaign_id=29607&instance_id=110382&segment_id=119683&user_id=704b0f0abf4580b6e9dd32526c4326d6&regi_id=20755157">To Rid the Taj Mahal of Its Grime, India Prescribes a Mud Bath</a><br />By KAI SCHULTZ<br /><br /><br />For centuries, monsoon rains were enough to keep the dirt off India’s monument to eternal love. But not anymore.</p><h1 class="css-1l8buln e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-3a6198fd" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 2.5rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.875rem; margin: 0px auto 0.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><br /></h1><h1 class="css-1l8buln e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-3a6198fd" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 2.5rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: italic; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.875rem; margin: 0px auto 0.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><br /></h1><h1 class="css-1l8buln e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-3a6198fd" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-primary,#121212); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.875rem; margin: 0px auto 0.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><span face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, times new roman, times, serif" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 40px;"><i>佳美 (2) 「中國法學界的良心」江平逝世;澳洲墨爾本的早餐革命 ˇBrought Avocado Toast to the World (Bill Granger)</i></span></span></h1><h1 class="css-1l8buln e1h9rw200" data-testid="headline" id="link-3a6198fd" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-primary,#121212); font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: 2.875rem; margin: 0px auto 0.5rem; max-width: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 600px;"><span face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, times new roman, times, serif" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 40px;"><i>https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/956116719167649</i></span></span></h1><div><span face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, times new roman, times, serif" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 40px;"><i>https://hcmemory.blogspot.com/2023/12/2-brought-avocado-toast-to-world-bill.html</i></span></span></div><div><span face="nyt-cheltenham, georgia, times new roman, times, serif" style="color: #333333;"><span style="font-size: 40px;"><i><br /></i></span></span></div><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>講東講西- 基度山的恩與仇(海林、馮天樂、力文 - RTHK Podcast</p><p>被人陷害、改頭換面、帶著億萬財產來報仇。這些都是來自十九世紀法國通俗文學巨匠大仲馬的經典冒險小說《基度山恩仇記》的橋段,之後就不斷地被改編成為不同的電視劇、電影、動漫甚至音樂劇等。到底,這本長期名列最佳小說榜的小說,有何特殊魅力呢?主角唐泰斯所處的時代背景是怎樣的?他是如何轉危為機,成功復仇的?請聽我與海林、力文、學琳一齊縱談《基度山的恩與仇》。</p><p><br /></p><p>https://podcast.rthk.hk/podcast/item.php?pid=527&eid=232179&lang=zh-CN</p><p><br /></p><p>#馮天樂 #海林 #力文 #學琳 #大仲馬 #Alexandre Dumas #唐泰斯 #維爾福 #莫萊爾 #莫爾塞夫 #基督山伯爵 #Le Comte de Monte-Cristo #法利亞神父 #L'abbé Faria #唐格拉爾 #Danglars #西方文學</p>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-82030420233776646282024-01-07T05:27:00.000-08:002024-01-07T05:27:15.889-08:00胡適尊重“方言”作品……為張愛玲語譯的海上花開 作序<p> </p><p><br /></p><p>海上花開</p><p><br /></p><p> 《海上花開》張愛玲著 2020/03/16 皇冠出版社出版</p><p><br /></p><p>1. 作者簡介</p><p><br /></p><p> 張愛玲,本名張煐,一九二○年生於上海。二十歲時便以一系列小說令文壇為之驚豔。她的作品主要以上海、南京和香港為故事場景,在荒涼的氛圍中鋪張男女的感情糾葛以及時代的繁華和傾頹。</p><p><br /></p><p> 有人說張愛玲是當代的曹雪芹,文學評論權威夏志清教授更將她的作品與魯迅、茅盾等大師等量齊觀,而日後許多作家都不諱言受到「張派」文風的深刻影響。</p><p><br /></p><p> 張愛玲晚年獨居美國洛杉磯,深居簡出的生活更增添她的神秘色彩,但研究張愛玲的風潮從未止息,並不斷有知名導演取材其作品,李安改拍〈色,戒〉,更是轟動各界的代表佳作。</p><p><br /></p><p> 一九九五年九月張愛玲逝於洛杉磯公寓,享年七十四歲。她的友人依照她的遺願,在她生日那天將她的骨灰撒在太平洋,結束了她傳奇的一生。</p><p><br /></p><p>2. 內容簡介</p><p><br /></p><p> 海派傳人筆下的海派傳奇,影響張愛玲創作最深的作品!導演大師侯孝賢改編拍成電影,榮獲金馬獎評審團大獎!</p><p><br /></p><p> 樸齋心裏熱得像熾炭一般,卻關礙著小村,不敢動手,只目不轉睛的呆看;</p><p><br /></p><p> 見她雪白的面孔,漆黑的眉毛,亮晶晶的眼睛,血滴滴的嘴唇,越看越愛,越愛越看。</p><p><br /></p><p> 清末的上海,是金錢與情欲交織的魔都,在租界一隅的娼館「長三書寓」裡上演的諸般情節,看似光怪陸離,其實都是浮世眾生相的隱喻。男人們留戀這裡的萬種風情,女人們沉溺那處的虛情假意,彼此各懷鬼胎,緣起緣滅,終究沉淪。張愛玲以精準的文字完美還原清代才子韓子雲的吳語章回小說《海上花列傳》,更針對原作中的晚清服飾和風俗文化做了詳盡的詮釋。本書不僅是張愛玲對於近代文學史的重大貢獻,更是一代經典傑作的浴火重生。</p><p><br /></p><p>序</p><p><br /></p><p>譯者識</p><p><br /></p><p> 半世紀前,胡適先生為《海上花》作序,稱為「吳語文學的第一部傑作」。滄海桑田,當時盛行的寫妓院的吳語小說早已跟著較廣義的「社會小說」過時了,絕跡前也並沒有第二部傑作出現。「吳語文學的第一部傑作」,不如說是方言文學的第一部傑作,既然粵語閩南語文學還是生氣蓬勃,閩南語的尤其前途廣闊,因為外省人養成欣賞力的更多。</p><p><br /></p><p> 自《九尾龜》以來,吳語小說其實都是夾蘇白,或是妓女說蘇白,嫖客說官話,一般人比較容易懂。全部吳語對白,《海上花》是最初也是最後的一個,沒人敢再蹈覆轍──如果知道有這本書的話。《海上花》在十九世紀末出版;民初倒已經湮滅了。一九二○年蔣瑞藻著《小說考證》,引《譚瀛室筆記》,說《海上花列傳》作者「花也憐儂」是松江韓子雲。一九二二年清華書局翻印《海上花》,許菫父序中說︰「或曰松江韓太癡所著也。」三年後胡適另托朋友在松江同鄉中打聽,發現孫玉聲(海上漱石生)曾經認識韓子雲,但是也不知道他的底細,輾轉代問小時報專欄作家「松江顛公」(大概是雷瑨,字君曜),答覆是《小時報》上一篇長文關於韓邦慶(字子雲),這才有了些可靠的傳記資料。胡適算出生卒年。一八九四年《海上花》出單行本,同年作者逝世,才三十九歲。</p><p><br /></p><p> 一九二六年亞東書局出版的標點本《海上花》有胡適、劉半農序。現在僅存的亞東本,海外幾家大學圖書館收藏的都算是稀有的珍本了。清華書局出的想必絕版得更早,曇花一現。迄今很少人知道。我等於做打撈工作,把書中吳語翻譯出來,像譯外文一樣,難免有些地方失去語氣的神韻,但是希望至少替大眾保存了這本書。</p><p><br /></p><p> 胡適指出此書當初滯銷不是完全因為用吳語。但是到了二○、三○年間,看小說的態度不同了,而經胡適發掘出來,與劉半農合力推薦的結果,怎麼還是一部失落的傑作?關於這一點,我的感想很多,等這國語本連載完了再談了,也免得提起內容,洩漏情節,破壞了故事的懸疑。</p><p><br /></p><p> 第三十八回前附記︰</p><p><br /></p><p> 亞東本劉半農序指出此書缺點在後半部大段平舖直敘寫名園名士──內中高亞白文武雙全,還精通醫道,簡直有點像《野叟曝言》的文素臣──借此把作者「自己以為得意」的一些詩詞與文言小說插入書中。我覺得尤其是幾個「四書酒令」是卡住現代讀者的一個瓶頸──過去讀書人《四書》全都滾瓜爛熟,這種文字遊戲的趣味不幸是有時間性的,而又不像《紅樓夢》裏的酒令表達個性,有的還預言各人命運。</p><p><br /></p><p> 所以《海上花》連載到中途,還是不得不照原先的譯書計劃,為了尊重原著放棄了的︰刪掉四回,用最低限度的改寫補綴起來,成為較緊湊的「六十回海上花」。回目沒動,除了第四十、四十一回兩回併一回,原來的回目是︰</p><p><br /></p><p> 縱翫賞七夕鵲填橋 善俳諧一言雕貫箭</p><p><br /></p><p> 衝繡閣惡語牽三劃1 佐瑤觴陳言別四聲</p><p><br /></p><p> 代擬為︰</p><p><br /></p><p> 渡銀河七夕續歡娛 衝繡閣一旦斷情誼</p><p><br /></p><p> 第五十、五十一回也是兩回併一回,回目本來是︰</p><p><br /></p><p> 軟廝纏有意捉訛頭2 惡打岔無端嘗毒手</p><p><br /></p><p> 胸中塊「穢史」寄牢騷3 眼下釘小蠻4爭寵眷</p><p><br /></p><p> 改為︰</p><p><br /></p><p> 軟裏硬太歲找碴 眼中釘小蠻爭寵</p><p><br /></p><p> 書中典故幸而有宋淇夫婦幫忙。本來還要多,多數在刪掉的四回內。好像他們還不夠忙,還要白忙!實在真對不起人。但是資料我都保留著,萬一這六十回本能成為普及本,甚至於引起研究的興趣,會再出完整的六十四回本,就還可以加註。</p><p><br /></p><p> 1‧即「三劃王」。</p><p><br /></p><p> 2‧流氓尋釁,捉出一個由頭,好訛人。</p><p><br /></p><p> 3‧書中高亞白與尹癡鴛打賭,要他根據一本春宮古畫冊寫篇故事,以包下最豪華的粵菜館請客作交換條件。尹癡鴛大概因為考場失意,也就借此發洩胸中塊壘。</p><p><br /></p><p> 4‧白居易詩︰「櫻桃樊素口,楊柳小蠻腰」,寫擅歌舞的家妓。</p><p><br /></p><p>內容摘錄</p><p><br /></p><p>第一回</p><p><br /></p><p>趙樸齋 鹹瓜街訪舅</p><p><br /></p><p>洪善卿 聚秀堂做媒</p><p><br /></p><p> 按此一大說部書係花也憐儂所著,名曰海上花列傳。只因海上自通商以來,南部煙花,日新月盛,凡冶游子弟,傾覆流離於狎邪者,不知凡幾。雖有父兄,禁之不可;雖有師友,諫之不從。此豈其冥頑不靈哉?獨不得一過來人為之現身說法耳。方其目挑心許,百樣綢繆,當局者津津乎若有味焉;一經描摹出來,便覺令人欲嘔,其有不爽然若失,廢然自返者乎?花也憐儂具菩提心,運廣長舌,寫照傳神,屬辭此事,點綴渲染,躍躍如生,卻絕無半個淫褻穢污字樣,蓋總不離警覺提撕之旨云。茍閱者按跡尋踪,心通其意,見當前之媚於西子,即可知背後之潑於夜叉;見今日之密於糟糠,即可卜他年之毒於蛇蝎:也算得是欲覺晨鐘,發人深省者矣。此海上花列傳之所以作也。</p><p><br /></p><p> 看官,你道這花也憐儂究是何等樣人?原來古槐安國之北有黑甜鄉,其主者曰趾離氏,嘗仕為天祿大夫,晉封醴泉郡公,乃流寓於眾香國之溫柔鄉,而自號花也憐儂云。所以花也憐儂,實是黑甜鄉主人,日日在夢中過活,自己偏不信是夢,只當真的作起書來;及至捏造了這一部夢中之書,然後喚醒了那一場書中之夢。看官啊,你不要只在那裏做夢,且看看這書,倒也不錯。</p><p><br /></p><p> 這書即從花也憐儂一夢而起;也不知花也憐儂如何到了夢中,只覺得自己身子飄飄蕩蕩,把握不定,好似雲催霧趕的滾了去,舉首一望,已不在本原之地了,前後左右,尋不出一條道路,竟是一大片浩淼蒼茫無邊無際的花海。</p><p><br /></p><p> 看官須知道,「花海」二字非是杜撰的,只因這海本來沒有什麼水,只有無數花朵,連枝帶葉,漂在海面上,又平勻,又綿軟,渾如繡茵錦罽一般,竟把海水都蓋住了。</p><p><br /></p><p> 花也憐儂只見花,不見水,喜得手舞足蹈起來,並不去理會這海的闊若干頃,深若干尋,還當在平地上似的,躑躅留連,不忍舍去。不料那花雖然枝葉扶疎,卻都是沒有根蒂的,花底下即是海水,被海水沖激起來,那花也只得隨波逐流,聽其所止。若不是遇著了蝶浪蜂狂,鶯欺燕妒,就為那蚱蜢蜣螂蝦蟆螻蟻之屬,一味的披猖折辱,狼藉蹂躪。惟夭如桃,穠如李,富貴如牡丹,猶能砥柱中流,為群芳吐氣;至於菊之秀逸,梅之孤高,蘭之空山自芳,蓮之出水不染,哪裏禁得起一些委屈,早已沉淪汩沒於其間!</p><p>【啟示錄】</p><p><br /></p><p> 午後,在《無論如河》書店讀張愛玲的《海上花開》,有胡適先生為它作序,得以親炙名家話語,快何如之!</p><p> 更讓我好奇的是那煙花柳巷的事,作者寫來有如親歷,文學家的本事,畢竟不同凡響!</p>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-23949245400700288502023-12-24T18:50:00.000-08:002023-12-24T18:50:48.286-08:00The Shorter Bible 1959 【胡適談聖經翻譯 1937】<div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 12px;"><div 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50%; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="" dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1l90r2v x1swvt13" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id=":rodi:" style="font-family: inherit; padding: 4px 16px 16px;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--primary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">【胡適談聖經翻譯】</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 胡適是個無神論者,但他也是當時中國第二大的《聖經》收藏家。1937年3月17日在北平美華聖經會大樓舉行《聖經》展覽會,展出不同語言、方言、年代、版本的《聖經》,並由胡適演講「《聖經》與文學之關係」。胡適當天的演講從《聖經》翻譯出發,除略述《聖經》翻譯源流之外,更提出了對未來《聖經》翻譯的展望。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 1937年3月18日《華北日報》對此事有詳細的報導(因為報導版面過長,所以附圖版面有經過調整):</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 由利瑪竇迄今三百年來,《聖經》展覽此尚為第一次,允足稱貴,蓋僅就收藏興趣一點言之,對此「天下奇書」之搜羅展覽,已足令人心快。惟「聖經與文學」一題,周作人先生曾於十四年前《小說日報》上著論發揮,既詳且盡,可以參看。今日祇略言其宗教經典之繙譯,對於中國之文學影響及本人對於《聖經》之數點希望而已。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 在我國歷史上大規模之從事繙譯外國文字,約有二次:二次且皆為受宗教信仰之啟發。一為第一至第十世紀之九百年來繙譯佛家書籍之努力,成書二千種,現仍為人諷誦者尚有《華嚴經》、《法華經》、《維摩詰》等二十餘種。其影響於中國文學者則(一)介紹國人創作上之新材料,新形式。(二)引起創作家之想像力,擴大文學描寫之範圍。此皆中國文學篇所缺乏者。第二次則為近世紀來之西洋書籍之大批繙譯,而此中最足稱述者為「《聖經》」之繙譯。其故亦有二。(一)因繙譯《聖經》者之具有宗教的虔誠嚴肅態度,忠實於繙譯,及《聖經》本身之優美故譯本成為一種「直譯的模範作品」(Model literal translation)簡明可愛,由以官話譯本中「〈福音〉」(Gospels)及「〈舊約〉」(Old Testment)中〈詩篇〉等部,堪稱為優美之文學作品,影響於中國創作家及譯著家者甚多。(二)則為中文聖經之於中國方言方面的供献。中國方言甚多,初無有文字之形式記載,有方言《聖經》之譒譯後,乃給中國多種方言以文學上之價值,對於研究語言學、語音學、民俗學上,有莫大之裨益。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">三點希望:</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 惟中文之譒譯聖經,尚有為能如吾人希望之極者,簡言之有三,亦即余對《聖經》譒譯之希望:(一)譯語尚未能完全近代化。蓋近年中國語言,變化甚速,而《聖經》譯語尚多守舊者,故仍須繼續新譯,以合時代。(二)宗教的守舊拘謹精神,致《聖經》尚未採用新式標點、排列、形式,以更發揮其文學的趣味。─Moulton之「《近代讀本的聖經》」則清新可喜─如〈雜歌〉、〈詩篇〉、〈箴言〉、〈約伯記〉,皆最美之文學,而未能以新形式體裁表達之。(三)將《聖經》作為文學看,注重「科學的《聖經》學」,提倡收藏、批評、校刊、訓詁,諸工作,並編著用作參考之辭典類書,以備閱者之方便檢閱。果能如此,則影響中國文學喚起更多讀者,必更廣大也云云。</div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div><br />胡適在1959.6.3 向人借本<i>"Short Bible </i>" (胡頌平原文)<br />它是革命的本子<br clear="all" />把<b>聖經</b>寫成按照年代的先後來安排<br />現在我找不到<br />
<br />
<br />
我找到了<br />
<br />
<br />
應該是<i>The Shorter Bible</i><br />
這版本的介紹<br />
<br />
<ins style="border: none; display: inline-table; height: 250px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"><ins id="aswift_1_anchor" style="border: none; display: block; height: 250px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"> The Shorter Bible</ins></ins>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr><td valign="BASELINE"><span>Abbreviation: </span></td><td><span><b>SBK</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="BASELINE"><span>Released:</span></td><td><span><b>1925</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="BASELINE"><span>Contents:</span></td><td><span><b>Old Testament, New Testament</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="BASELINE"><span>Source Used:</span></td><td><span>Charles Scribner's Sons (NT 1918, OT 1925)</span></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="BASELINE"><span>Location:</span></td><td><span><a href="http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/">Tyndale House</a>, Cambridge, United Kingdom</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
This version, in two volumes, was translated by Charles Foster Kent,
with the collaboration of four other persons. The aim, through the
selection of certain parts of the Bible which have seemed to the editors
especially well suited, is to kindle the interest of the busy modern
reader in the Bible as a whole. It is not intended as a substitute for
the complete text or the time-honored versions.<br />
Duplications have
been omitted, while kindred parts have been brought together. The
material in each group has been arranged according to the nature of its
contents or the order in which it was written. Thus, the order of the <a href="http://www.innvista.com/culture/religion/bible/versions/kjv.htm">King James Version</a>
is not followed. The groups in the Old Testament are titled as follows:
Stories and Histories, Laws, The Prophets, The Lyrics, and The
Teachings of the Wise. In the New Testament, they are titled as follows:
Matthew, Mark, and Luke; The Teachings of Jesus; The Acts of the
Apostles; PaulÌs Letters; Later Writings; and The Gospel of John. The
Index of Biblical Passages in both Testaments lists the books, the
Biblical reference, the section number, and the page number.<br /><br /><br />
<br />
<div align="CENTER">
<h4>
<span style="color: #ff6600;">Sample Verses</span></h4>
</div>
<span><b>Genesis 1: 1, 2</b></span><br />
In the beginning when God created the heaven and the earth,<br />And while the earth was still unformed and chaotic,<br />With darkness on the surface of the deep,<br />And the Spirit of God brooding over the waters, ...
<br /><br />
<span><b>John 1: 1 - 3</b></span><br />
In the beginning was the divine Wisdom, and the divine Wisdom was with
God, and the divine Wisdom was God. He was in the beginning with God;
through him all things came into being and without him nothing which
existed came into being.
<br /><br /><br />
<div align="CENTER">
<h4>
<span style="color: #ff6600;">Comparisons</span></h4>
</div>
The following comparative studies include this version:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li><a href="http://www.innvista.com/culture/religion/bible/compare/eternity.htm">From Eternity or From Ancient Times?</a>
</li>
<li><a href="http://www.innvista.com/culture/religion/bible/compare/speech.htm">Speech Problem of Moses</a>
<br />
</li>
</ol>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-48800662669436945072023-12-24T18:47:00.000-08:002023-12-24T18:47:49.138-08:00 思高繁体聖經【胡適談聖經翻譯 1937】<div><br /></div><div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 12px;"><div class="x1iyjqo2" style="flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--secondary-text); 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margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">【胡適談聖經翻譯】</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 胡適是個無神論者,但他也是當時中國第二大的《聖經》收藏家。1937年3月17日在北平美華聖經會大樓舉行《聖經》展覽會,展出不同語言、方言、年代、版本的《聖經》,並由胡適演講「《聖經》與文學之關係」。胡適當天的演講從《聖經》翻譯出發,除略述《聖經》翻譯源流之外,更提出了對未來《聖經》翻譯的展望。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 1937年3月18日《華北日報》對此事有詳細的報導(因為報導版面過長,所以附圖版面有經過調整):</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 由利瑪竇迄今三百年來,《聖經》展覽此尚為第一次,允足稱貴,蓋僅就收藏興趣一點言之,對此「天下奇書」之搜羅展覽,已足令人心快。惟「聖經與文學」一題,周作人先生曾於十四年前《小說日報》上著論發揮,既詳且盡,可以參看。今日祇略言其宗教經典之繙譯,對於中國之文學影響及本人對於《聖經》之數點希望而已。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 在我國歷史上大規模之從事繙譯外國文字,約有二次:二次且皆為受宗教信仰之啟發。一為第一至第十世紀之九百年來繙譯佛家書籍之努力,成書二千種,現仍為人諷誦者尚有《華嚴經》、《法華經》、《維摩詰》等二十餘種。其影響於中國文學者則(一)介紹國人創作上之新材料,新形式。(二)引起創作家之想像力,擴大文學描寫之範圍。此皆中國文學篇所缺乏者。第二次則為近世紀來之西洋書籍之大批繙譯,而此中最足稱述者為「《聖經》」之繙譯。其故亦有二。(一)因繙譯《聖經》者之具有宗教的虔誠嚴肅態度,忠實於繙譯,及《聖經》本身之優美故譯本成為一種「直譯的模範作品」(Model literal translation)簡明可愛,由以官話譯本中「〈福音〉」(Gospels)及「〈舊約〉」(Old Testment)中〈詩篇〉等部,堪稱為優美之文學作品,影響於中國創作家及譯著家者甚多。(二)則為中文聖經之於中國方言方面的供献。中國方言甚多,初無有文字之形式記載,有方言《聖經》之譒譯後,乃給中國多種方言以文學上之價值,對於研究語言學、語音學、民俗學上,有莫大之裨益。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">三點希望:</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 惟中文之譒譯聖經,尚有為能如吾人希望之極者,簡言之有三,亦即余對《聖經》譒譯之希望:(一)譯語尚未能完全近代化。蓋近年中國語言,變化甚速,而《聖經》譯語尚多守舊者,故仍須繼續新譯,以合時代。(二)宗教的守舊拘謹精神,致《聖經》尚未採用新式標點、排列、形式,以更發揮其文學的趣味。─Moulton之「《近代讀本的聖經》」則清新可喜─如〈雜歌〉、〈詩篇〉、〈箴言〉、〈約伯記〉,皆最美之文學,而未能以新形式體裁表達之。(三)將《聖經》作為文學看,注重「科學的《聖經》學」,提倡收藏、批評、校刊、訓詁,諸工作,並編著用作參考之辭典類書,以備閱者之方便檢閱。果能如此,則影響中國文學喚起更多讀者,必更廣大也云云。</div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><br />
胡適晚年,天主教的人送他"思高聖經",這已是他的聖經藏書的最後一本?<br />
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<a href="https://www.ccreadbible.org/Chinese%20Bible/sigao" ping="/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.ccreadbible.org/Chinese%2520Bible/sigao&ved=2ahUKEwjGjOSSgJjnAhVyFqYKHSOkDTkQFjAAegQIBBAB" style="color: #660099; cursor: pointer; text-decoration-line: none;"><br /><h3 class="LC20lb" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 3px; padding: 2px 0px 0px;">
思高繁体聖經— www.ccreadbible.org</h3>
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<span class="st" face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57; overflow-wrap: break-word;">羅馬書/Roman · [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] · 格林多前書/1 Corinthians · [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] · 格林多後書/2 Corinthians · [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] · 迦拉達書/<wbr></wbr> ...</span><div class="P1usbc" data-ved="2ahUKEwjGjOSSgJjnAhVyFqYKHSOkDTkQrz0wAHoECAQQCw" style="background-color: white; color: #70757a; display: table; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.57; margin: 5px 0px;">
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<b>路加福音/Luke</b>: 1</div>
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<b>瑪竇福音/Matthew</b>: 1</div>
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<b>若望福音/John</b>: 1</div>
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<b>馬爾谷福音/Mark</b>: 1<br /></div>
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Wikipedia<br />
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<b>思高聖經</b>,正名稱為<b>思高聖經譯釋本</b>(現通稱「<b>思高聖經</b>」,下稱「思高本」),是今日<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E8%AF%AD" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="華語">華語</a><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="天主教會">天主教會</a>最普遍使用的《<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="聖經">聖經</a>》<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%91%E6%9C%AC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="聖經漢語譯本">中文譯本</a>。此譯釋本的出版起源自1924年在<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="上海">上海</a>舉行的天主教會議決定翻譯《聖經》。</div>
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現時,由<a class="new" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #a55858; text-decoration-line: none;" title="香港思高聖經學會(頁面不存在)">香港思高聖經學會</a>(Studium Biblicum O.F.M.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup>所出版的「思高聖經譯釋本」,是<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%95%99%E5%BB%B7" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="羅馬教廷">羅馬教廷</a>唯一認可法定的中文版本聖經。<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup>。</div>
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「思高聖經譯釋本」是由天主教<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B5%8E%E4%BC%9A" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="方濟會">方濟會</a>會士真福<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8E" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="雷永明">雷永明</a>神父(Blessed Gabrielle Allegra O.F.M.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup>於1945年在<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="北京">北京</a>所創立的思高聖經學會翻譯和注釋。會址在北京(北平)輔仁大學附屬名叫西煤廠的宿舍內,後來「遷至李廣橋18號的方濟堂(近紫禁城),再遷往小石橋區,輾轉再遷回位於李廣橋的方濟堂。」<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup>)。1948年遷往<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="香港">香港</a>繼續翻譯和注釋工作。用了九年時間(1945-53年)譯釋<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%BA%A6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="舊約">舊約</a>共八冊,1954年,聖地和香港的聖經學會誼結金蘭,雷神父帶領學會的眾兄弟,在聖地的<a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814165603/http://198.62.75.4/opt/xampp/custodia/tsancta/00sbf.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: initial; background: linear-gradient(transparent, transparent) right center no-repeat, url("/w/skins/Vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.svg?b4b84"); color: #663366; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration-line: none;">耶路撒冷方濟聖經學院</a>繼續深造和實地考察。雷神父也在聖地學院講避靜,講授《<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="若望福音">若望福音</a>》。1955年,會士們返回香港,著手把<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>的《<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BA%A6" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;" title="新約">新約</a>》譯成中文。其間用了六年時間(1955-60年)譯釋新約共三冊,新舊約全書共十一冊。</div>
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1961年學會開展出版聖經合訂本的計劃,整個工作歷時八年,終於在1968年12月25日正式完成,並出版了《思高聖經合訂本》,其中不單是修改譯文及刪減批註,更可說是將整部聖經重譯了一次。這是第一部譯自原文的公教聖經全譯本。香港的思高聖經學會會址在香港渣甸軒德蓀道6號,別無在其他地方設有分會。</div>
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目錄</h2>
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<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%8F%83%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">1</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">翻譯參考文本</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">2</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">翻譯原則</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">3</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">修訂原則</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%83%E7%A6%A7%E7%89%88%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E3%80%8B" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">4</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">《千禧版聖經》</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">5</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">影響</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#%E6%84%8F%E8%A7%81" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">6</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">意見</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E6%80%9D%E9%AB%98%E6%9C%AC#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" style="background: none; color: #0b0080; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="tocnumber" style="color: #222222; display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">7</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">參考文獻</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="tocnumber" style="display: table-cell; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; text-decoration: inherit;">8</span><span class="toctext" style="display: table-cell; text-decoration: inherit;">外部連結<br /></span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<br />
<br />人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-999253667913544782023-12-17T21:39:00.000-08:002023-12-17T21:39:33.750-08:00胡適:”中學國文的教授“, 大約1925年<p> </p><p><br /></p><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 12px;"><div class="x1iyjqo2" style="flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--secondary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><h4 class="x1heor9g x1qlqyl8 x1pd3egz x1a2a7pz x1gslohp x1yc453h" id=":r5ma:" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 4px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span class="xt0psk2" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv xzsf02u x1s688f" href="https://www.facebook.com/thomashcl45?__cft__[0]=AZXqQ2U-2fvHIVIRLWuusheGZExqrnnbA_fVao3YeFKLwgPrJY0rghk0I7Ejm2iakYYvkXXzQeKup6qDtaEB_NffKbCVB9zId8iZu5gxDtHhwDVWxG5xIi-zsl3y2st-foKzxzomZhfVhltvedJjbDIukbgyvOEcR4H17C8xxSTF0w&__tn__=-UC%2CP-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thomas H. C. Lee</span></a></span></h4></span></div><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"></div></div></div><div class="xqcrz7y x78zum5 x1qx5ct2 x1y1aw1k x1sxyh0 xwib8y2 xurb0ha xw4jnvo" style="align-self: flex-start; display: flex; font-family: inherit; height: 20px; padding: 8px; width: 20px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-label="可對此貼文採取的動作" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx x2lwn1j xeuugli x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz xjyslct xjbqb8w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x3nfvp2 xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x3ajldb x194ut8o x1vzenxt xd7ygy7 xt298gk x1xhcax0 x1s928wv x10pfhc2 x1j6awrg x1v53gu8 x1tfg27r xitxdhh" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; width: 36px;" tabindex="0"><i class="x1b0d499 x1d69dk1" data-visualcompletion="css-img" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y0/r/6qN-FgPUo8z.png"); background-position: 0px -427px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto; display: inline-block; filter: var(--filter-secondary-icon); height: 20px; vertical-align: -0.25em; width: 20px;"></i><div class="x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h x14yjl9h xudhj91 x18nykt9 xww2gxu" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: 50%; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="" dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xjkvuk6" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id=":r5mc:" style="font-family: inherit; padding: 4px 16px;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--primary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">讀古文選本是最沒有趣味的事。因為沒有趣味,所以沒有成效。我可以武斷現在中學畢業生能通中文的,都是自己看小說、看雜誌、看書得來的,決不是靠課堂上幾本古文範本得來的。我因此主張用看書來代替讀講。與其讀王安石的”讀孟嘗君傳“,不如看《史記》的四公子列傳:與其讀蘇軾的”范增論“,不如看《史記》的”項羽本紀“;與其讀林琴南的一部古文讀本,不如看他譯的一本《茶花女》。 </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">(胡適:”中學國文的教授“, 大約1925年)</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">順便加一、兩句話:時代已經有了很大的改變,胡適認爲小學及初中已經讀了7、8年的白話文,也受了充分的”文法“的訓練,高中以後才讀古文言文。</div></div></span></div></div></div></div></div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-46160326821346470802023-12-17T04:06:00.000-08:002023-12-17T19:59:26.863-08:00「胡適紀念月/周」(2023 鍾漢清的茶壺風暴):漫談胡適學的餘溫、餘威、餘勢(靈光漸褪年代中); 與永恆對話的寂寞身影的故事多則(也許12則)及評論-發揮<div><div><div><p>感動 (65):胡適;曹永洋、陳金順。陳維滄;拖鞋騎士自行車遊日本一個月,了不起。find joy in philosophy! 胡適紀念日,"不成敬意"的紀念思想:文化遺產之特色是:為者"做/作"出來的......。 張耿赫如何讓小黃瓜收成翻三倍.....農業上下游...... Hong Kong: The Ever-Changing City - iconic neon sign 香港的霓虹燈都哪兒去了,召水牛午餐...... The Travel Show. Lightbox 攝影圖書室 (台北)、謝三泰「街頭劇場」攝影集;Silo 建築美、Silo effect. Daniel Barenboim 的香檳酒、West–Eastern Divan Orchestra. 各國人口危機意義不同。美國繼續援助烏克蘭;歐盟同意與烏克蘭開啟加入歐盟的談判。女星燦爛:Madonna’s Latest Experiment: Looking Back. 特斯拉召回事件凸顯「全自動駕駛」技術局限性。不知道的美日台棒球場。 《最低工資法》 </p><p>https://www.facebook.com/hanching.chung/videos/223019837506553</p></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br />胡適(1891年12月17日—1962年2月24日)<a href="https://www.facebook.com/mhhushih/?locale=zh_TW"><br /></a><br />胡適紀念館Hu Shih Memorial Hall | Taipei <a href="https://www.facebook.com/mhhushih/?locale=zh_TW">胡適紀念館 Hu Shih Memorial Hall<br /></a><br />開放時間: 每週二至週六( 09:30-12:00 - 13:30-16:30 ),國定假日不開放參觀。2023.12.15 為 胡適紀念日<br />所以 12.17 自辦紀念反省<br />16 日,翻讀余英時的《戴震與章學誠》書末...<br /><br /><br /><br />「胡適紀念月/周」(2023 鍾漢清的茶壺風暴):漫談胡適學的餘溫、餘威、餘勢(靈光漸褪年代中); 與永恆對話的寂寞身影的故事多則(也許12則)及評論-發揮<br /><br /><br />大早播Bach - Mass in B minor BWV 232 - Van Veldhoven | Netherlands Bach Society<br />或許翻翻<br /><br /><br /><br />這個月,稍微想一下,昔日漢語圈的語言與各自的特色問題<br /><br /><br />日本<b>內藤湖南</b>在<b>日本文化史</b>的說法;<b>井上 靖</b> 對於日本的塔的作用之開始獨立說,非存舍利骨等: <br /><br /><br /><img src="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/images/keidai_title1_t.jpg" /><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/index_t.html">寺院介紹</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/kami_garan_detail_t.html">上醍醐介紹</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_c.html#kami00">上醍醐</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_t.html#kami01">醍醐水</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_t.html#kami02">清瀧宮拜殿</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_t.html#kami03">准胝堂</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_t.html#kami04">藥師堂</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_t.html#kami05">五大堂</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_t.html#kami06">如意輪堂</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_t.html#kami07">開山堂</a><br /><a href="https://www.daigoji.or.jp/garan/garan_frame/kami_garan_frame_t.html#kami08">理源大師像</a><br /><br /><br /><br />韓國中央博物館的蕩蕩平平引用和"菜"......</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 12px;"><div class="x1iyjqo2" style="flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--secondary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><h4 class="x1heor9g x1qlqyl8 x1pd3egz x1a2a7pz x1gslohp x1yc453h" id=":rmr:" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 4px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span class="xt0psk2" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv xzsf02u x1s688f" href="https://www.facebook.com/NationalMuseumofKorea.chn?__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=-UC%2CP-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: inherit;">韩国国立中央博物馆</span></a></span></h4></span></div><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"></div></div></div><div class="xqcrz7y x78zum5 x1qx5ct2 x1y1aw1k x1sxyh0 xwib8y2 xurb0ha xw4jnvo" style="align-self: flex-start; display: flex; font-family: inherit; height: 20px; padding: 8px; width: 20px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-label="可對此貼文採取的動作" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx x2lwn1j xeuugli x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz xjyslct xjbqb8w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x3nfvp2 xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x3ajldb x194ut8o x1vzenxt xd7ygy7 xt298gk x1xhcax0 x1s928wv x10pfhc2 x1j6awrg x1v53gu8 x1tfg27r xitxdhh" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; appearance: none; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; vertical-align: bottom; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><svg class="x19dipnz x1lliihq x1k90msu x2h7rmj x1qfuztq" fill="currentColor" height="20" style="--color: var(--secondary-icon);" viewbox="0 0 20 20" width="20"><g fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(-446 -350)"><path d="M458 360a2 2 0 1 1-4 0 2 2 0 0 1 4 0m6 0a2 2 0 1 1-4 0 2 2 0 0 1 4 0m-12 0a2 2 0 1 1-4 0 2 2 0 0 1 4 0"></path></g></svg><div class="x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h x14yjl9h xudhj91 x18nykt9 xww2gxu" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: 50%; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></div></div></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><a aria-label="hide post" class="x1i10hfl x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x1ypdohk xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz x6s0dn4 x14yjl9h xudhj91 x18nykt9 xww2gxu x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x78zum5 xl56j7k xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 xc9qbxq x14qfxbe xjbqb8w" href="https://www.facebook.com/#" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; border-color: initial; border-radius: 50%; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: inherit; height: 36px; justify-content: center; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; width: 36px;" tabindex="0"><i class="x1b0d499 x1d69dk1" data-visualcompletion="css-img" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y0/r/6qN-FgPUo8z.png"); background-position: 0px -427px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: auto; display: inline-block; filter: var(--filter-secondary-icon); height: 20px; vertical-align: -0.25em; width: 20px;"></i><div class="x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h x14yjl9h xudhj91 x18nykt9 xww2gxu" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: 50%; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="" dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1l90r2v x1swvt13" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id=":rmt:" style="font-family: inherit; padding: 4px 16px 16px;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--primary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">【特展文创】《荡荡平平——书画的力量》</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#国立中央博物馆</a></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E9%A6%96%E5%B0%94?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#首尔</a></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E4%B9%A6%E7%94%BB?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#书画</a></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#朝鲜时代</a></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E6%96%87%E5%88%9B?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#文创</a></span><span class="x3nfvp2 x1j61x8r x1fcty0u xdj266r xhhsvwb xat24cr xgzva0m xxymvpz xlup9mm x1kky2od" style="display: inline-flex; font-family: inherit; height: 16px; margin: 0px 1px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;"><img alt="🇰🇷" class="xz74otr" height="16" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t21/1/16/1f1f0_1f1f7.png" style="border: 0px; object-fit: fill;" width="16" /></span><span class="x3nfvp2 x1j61x8r x1fcty0u xdj266r xhhsvwb xat24cr xgzva0m xxymvpz xlup9mm x1kky2od" style="display: inline-flex; font-family: inherit; height: 16px; margin: 0px 1px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;"><img alt="🎁" class="xz74otr" height="16" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t84/1/16/1f381.png" style="border: 0px; object-fit: fill;" width="16" /></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">国立中央博物馆从2023年12月8日至2024年3月10日在常设展览馆一楼的特别展示室内展出特别展览《荡荡平平——书画的力量》。为此次展览的宣传,国立博物馆文化财团以朝鲜时代书画作品等主要展品为题材制作独特的文创。大家莅临观展时还顺便能享受琳琅满目的文创。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">******</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">國立中央博物館從2023年12月8日至2024年3月10日在常設展覽館一樓的特別展示室內展出特別展覽《蕩蕩平平——書畫的力量》。爲此次展覽的宣傳,國立博物館文化財團以朝鮮時代書畫作品等主要展品爲題材製作獨特的文創。大家蒞臨觀展時還順便能享受琳琅滿目的文創。</div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="x1n2onr6" id=":rmu:" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div class="x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div class="x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; padding-top: 590px; position: relative;"><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x10l6tqk" style="font-family: inherit; inset: calc(0% + 0px) calc(50% + 1.01px) calc(50% + 1.01px) calc(0% + 0px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute;"><a aria-label="可能是文字的圖像" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1rg5ohu x1a2a7pz x1ey2m1c xds687c x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1pdlv7q" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=750666543768038&set=pcb.750666647101361&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*bH-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><div class="xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 293.993px; position: relative;"><div class="x10l6tqk x13vifvy" style="font-family: inherit; height: 293.993px; left: -110.139px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 514.271px;"><img alt="" class="xz74otr x1ey2m1c xds687c x5yr21d x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy xh8yej3" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent.ftpe8-4.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/409359325_747099020791457_4176866188442302296_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_s600x600&_nc_cat=102&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=3635dc&_nc_ohc=NjlSktRW5usAX_D2ogH&_nc_ht=scontent.ftpe8-4.fna&oh=00_AfAS8TrZqCQ5VRZT6lAljSZeXti7l66UWkiAM6Eg290D8A&oe=65849BA4" style="border: 0px; height: 293.993px; inset: 0px; object-fit: fill; position: absolute; width: 514.271px;" /></div></div><div class="x1nb4dca x1q0q8m5 xso031l x1exxf4d x13fuv20 x178xt8z x1ey2m1c x9f619 xds687c x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy" style="border-bottom-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"></div></div><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x10l6tqk" style="font-family: inherit; inset: calc(50% + 1.01px) calc(50% + 1.01px) calc(0% + 0px) calc(0% + 0px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute;"><a aria-label="未提供相片說明。" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1rg5ohu x1a2a7pz x1ey2m1c xds687c x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1pdlv7q" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=750666563768036&set=pcb.750666647101361&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*bH-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><div class="xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 293.993px; position: relative;"><div class="x10l6tqk x13vifvy" style="font-family: inherit; height: 293.993px; left: -74.0451px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 442.101px;"><img alt="" class="xz74otr x1ey2m1c xds687c x5yr21d x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy xh8yej3" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent.ftpe8-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/409205123_747097944124898_3091902056666233669_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_p526x395&_nc_cat=100&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=3635dc&_nc_ohc=FaAxc6snhWYAX9Ddsnh&_nc_ht=scontent.ftpe8-2.fna&oh=00_AfDaDN1QiAiXLAOwSGPtsla5taiZgWq6AGMVDlEOYZFGVg&oe=6584FB24" style="border: 0px; height: 293.993px; inset: 0px; object-fit: fill; position: absolute; width: 442.101px;" /></div></div><div class="x1nb4dca x1q0q8m5 xso031l x1exxf4d x13fuv20 x178xt8z x1ey2m1c x9f619 xds687c x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy" style="border-bottom-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"></div></div><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x10l6tqk" style="font-family: inherit; inset: calc(0% + 0px) calc(0% + 0px) calc(66.6667% + 1.01px) calc(50% + 1.01px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute;"><a aria-label="可能是顯示的文字是「 도자기 도자기상(대) 상 (대) Object 랜덤컬러 」的圖像" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1rg5ohu x1a2a7pz x1ey2m1c xds687c x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1pdlv7q" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=750666553768037&set=pcb.750666647101361&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*bH-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><div class="xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 195.99px; position: relative;"><div class="x10l6tqk x13vifvy" style="font-family: inherit; height: 195.99px; left: -0.364583px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 294.722px;"><img alt="" class="xz74otr x1ey2m1c xds687c x5yr21d x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy xh8yej3" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent.ftpe8-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/409174049_747098004124892_6227113190870496652_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_p526x395&_nc_cat=108&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=3635dc&_nc_ohc=twHEFGMOb64AX_QNymn&_nc_ht=scontent.ftpe8-1.fna&oh=00_AfC_Lh2ClnRuWPsEmz8V0cQ2EMqri6yhqPl5jsiQWcMYdQ&oe=6583FDE4" style="border: 0px; height: 195.99px; inset: 0px; object-fit: fill; position: absolute; width: 294.722px;" /></div></div><div class="x1nb4dca x1q0q8m5 xso031l x1exxf4d x13fuv20 x178xt8z x1ey2m1c x9f619 xds687c x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy" style="border-bottom-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"></div></div><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x10l6tqk" style="font-family: inherit; inset: calc(33.3333% + 1.01px) calc(0% + 0px) calc(33.3333% + 1.01px) calc(50% + 1.01px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute;"><a aria-label="可能是文字的圖像" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1rg5ohu x1a2a7pz x1ey2m1c xds687c x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1pdlv7q" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=750666550434704&set=pcb.750666647101361&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*bH-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><div class="xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 195.99px; position: relative;"><div class="x10l6tqk x13vifvy" style="font-family: inherit; height: 314.74px; position: absolute; top: -5.86806px; width: 293.993px;"><img alt="" class="xz74otr x1ey2m1c xds687c x5yr21d x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy xh8yej3" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent.ftpe8-2.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/409855564_747098150791544_5886972196460902400_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_p552x414&_nc_cat=100&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=3635dc&_nc_ohc=f5rqdC-t2_8AX_9YR62&_nc_ht=scontent.ftpe8-2.fna&oh=00_AfCkT28CTxdPxC59SwUmlW8tta8DomyNvcZoDlyeCbD-6w&oe=6584251D" style="border: 0px; height: 314.74px; inset: 0px; object-fit: fill; position: absolute; width: 293.993px;" /></div></div><div class="x1nb4dca x1q0q8m5 xso031l x1exxf4d x13fuv20 x178xt8z x1ey2m1c x9f619 xds687c x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy" style="border-bottom-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"></div></div><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x10l6tqk" style="font-family: inherit; inset: calc(66.6667% + 1.01px) calc(0% + 0px) calc(0% + 0px) calc(50% + 1.01px); overflow: hidden; position: absolute;"><a aria-label="可能是皮革的圖像, 剩下3個項目" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1rg5ohu x1a2a7pz x1ey2m1c xds687c x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1pdlv7q" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=750666560434703&set=pcb.750666647101361&__cft__[0]=AZWwxwlJytty6jcNysFo0AaCtK9WPJXkZcvkPfzusvlQVuNYLj4WQGOk_zRskVtQwVDZdklzfe9UVNXy8o4FKBgv-d44ZNtXHVY22aHCKD4NjXICoUmatdJlxTvySJ6awEfdgaP1QpRPxOg1S7u8HgtYa2hPtMsDPVQvMIBXCnJd6S-ZPq3fE9rn0tTLcl2IPU8&__tn__=*bH-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><div class="xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 195.99px; position: relative;"><div class="x10l6tqk x13vifvy" style="font-family: inherit; height: 195.99px; left: -0.364583px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 294.722px;"><img alt="" class="xz74otr x1ey2m1c xds687c x5yr21d x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy xh8yej3" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent.ftpe8-4.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/409765222_747098214124871_5341374680302367670_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_p526x395&_nc_cat=102&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=3635dc&_nc_ohc=4Fle-JTI0eYAX9ZdR5V&_nc_ht=scontent.ftpe8-4.fna&oh=00_AfDnrkcI1XoonAhmenOtb2ilykNF77XGdqAgNf4ph3Ahjg&oe=65850981" style="border: 0px; height: 195.99px; inset: 0px; object-fit: fill; position: absolute; width: 294.722px;" /></div></div><div class="x1nb4dca x1q0q8m5 xso031l x1exxf4d x13fuv20 x178xt8z x1ey2m1c x9f619 xds687c x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy" style="border-bottom-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-color: var(--media-inner-border); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"></div></div><div class="x6s0dn4 x18l40ae x1ey2m1c x78zum5 xds687c xdt5ytf xl56j7k x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; justify-content: center; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"><div class="x17z8epw x579bpy x1s688f x2b8uid" style="color: var(--primary-text-on-media); font-family: inherit; font-size: 2rem; font-weight: 600; text-align: center;">+3</div></div><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"></div></div></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x168nmei x13lgxp2 x30kzoy x9jhf4c x6ikm8r x10wlt62" data-visualcompletion="ignore-dynamic" style="border-radius: 0px 0px 8px 8px; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div class="x6s0dn4 xi81zsa x78zum5 x6prxxf x13a6bvl xvq8zen xdj266r xktsk01 xat24cr x1d52u69 x889kno x4uap5 x1a8lsjc xkhd6sd xdppsyt" style="align-items: center; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--divider); color: var(--secondary-text); display: flex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; justify-content: flex-end; line-height: 1.3333; margin: 0px 16px; padding: 10px 0px;"><div class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1iyjqo2 x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="align-items: center; background-color: white; color: #65676b; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; overflow: hidden;"><span aria-label="看看誰對這個傳達了心情" class="x1ja2u2z" role="toolbar" style="font-family: inherit; z-index: 0;"><span class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1e558r4" id=":rn0:" style="align-items: center; 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display: flex; flex-flow: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; justify-content: space-between; margin: -6px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br />可以說,文化遺產之特色是:違者"做/作"出來的......<br /><br /><br />****<br />日本的社會運動「品質月/周」<br /><div>鍾玲主編《與永恆對壘:余光中先生七十壽慶詩文集 陳黎 《與永恆對壘》》九歌出版社,1998,頁41~47 附余光中《隔一座中央山脈--空投陳黎》</div><div><br />當然「胡適紀念月/周」(2023 鍾漢清的茶壺風暴):漫談胡適學的餘溫、餘威、餘勢(靈光漸褪年代中); 與永恆對話的寂寞身影的故事多則(也許12則)及評論-發揮</div><div>"永恆"最老改作"不朽",採用胡適的說法。</div><div><br /><br />感動,每年的盛宴<br />2023.12.8 10點結束 伊扎克·帕爾曼的光明節廣播派對<br />WQXR<br />ON AIR NOW<br /><span style="font-size: large;">Itzhak Perlman’s Chanukah Radio Party</span><div><br /><br />Chanukah<br /><span face="arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202124; font-size: 30px;">Evening of Thu, Dec 7, 2023 – Fri, Dec 15, 2023</span><br /><br /><br /><div dir="auto" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1l90r2v x1swvt13" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id=":rv8:" style="font-family: inherit; padding: 4px 16px 16px;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" color="var(--primary-text)" dir="auto" style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">感動,每年的盛宴\</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">2023.12.8 10點結束 伊扎克·帕爾曼的光明節廣播派對</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">WQXR</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">ON AIR NOW</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Itzhak Perlman’s Chanukah Radio Party</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span>Chanukah</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Evening of Thu, Dec 7, 2023 – Fri, Dec 15, 2023</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">光明節(希伯來語:חֲנֻכָּה 或 חנוכה,提比里安轉寫:Ḥănukkāh),又稱修殿節、獻殿節、燭光節、哈努卡節、馬加比節等,是一個猶太教的節日。該節日乃紀念猶太人在馬加比家族的領導下,從希臘塞琉古帝國國王安條克四世手上奪回耶路撒冷,並重新將耶路撒冷第二聖殿獻給上主。</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">該節日自西元前165年開始為猶太教所信守,節期為猶太曆的基斯流月。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Hanukkah[a] (/ˈhɑːnəkə/; חֲנֻכָּה Ḥănukkā listenⓘ) is a Jewish festival commemorating the recovery of Jerusalem and subsequent rededication of the Second Temple at the beginning of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BC.[3][4]</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days,[5] starting on the 25th day of Kislev according to the Hebrew calendar, which may occur at any time from late November to late December in the Gregorian calendar. The festival is observed by lighting the candles of a candelabrum with nine branches, commonly called a menorah or hanukkiah. One branch is typically placed above or below the others and its candle is used to light the other eight candles. This unique candle is called the shammash (שַׁמָּשׁ, "attendant"). Each night, one additional candle is lit by the shammash until all eight candles are lit together on the final night of the festival.[6] Other Hanukkah festivities include singing Hanukkah songs, playing the game of dreidel and eating oil-based foods, such as latkes and sufganiyot, and dairy foods. Since the 1970s, the worldwide Chabad Hasidic movement has initiated public menorah lightings in open public places in many countries.[7] </div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="x1n2onr6" id=":rv9:" style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; position: relative;"><div class="x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div class="xmjcpbm x1n2onr6" style="background-color: var(--comment-background); font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div class="x78zum5 x14ju556 x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="display: flex; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; overflow: hidden; position: relative;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xt0b8zv x5yr21d xh8yej3" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanukkah?fbclid=IwAR1ddE8Gew9jDHO7LPqR9M9E8WrxEbhFRDS4vO6HIeE6PAd9d0wPlt6DOmk" rel="nofollow noreferrer" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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padding-bottom: 1px; position: relative;"><span dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Hanukkah - Wikipedia</span></span></span></div><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" color="var(--secondary-text)" dir="auto" style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><span class="x1lliihq x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6 xlyipyv xuxw1ft" style="display: block; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden; position: relative; text-overflow: ellipsis; text-wrap: nowrap;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hanukkah[a] (/ˈhɑːnəkə/; חֲנֻכָּה Ḥănukkā listenⓘ) is a Jewish festival com</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div></div><br /><br /><br /><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div dir="auto"><span class="x3nfvp2 x1j61x8r x1fcty0u xdj266r xhhsvwb xat24cr xgzva0m xxymvpz xlup9mm x1kky2od" style="display: inline-flex; height: 16px; margin: 0px 1px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;"><img alt="📢" class="xz74otr" height="16" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t92/1.5/16/1f4e2.png" style="border: 0px; object-fit: fill;" width="16" /></span><span style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2023年 </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: inherit; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E9%A5%97%E5%AE%B4%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9%E9%99%A2%E9%95%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E8%AC%9B%E5%BA%A7?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZUx_a9ldGcfLvLfpXGBMk7SmPXPKr5PL23sGPIRestW-0IyWOGm6o6WUzjl8_3_esnl6vlk-ltmF2Xp15fzW2xKe5quS3y30Lg1OQUMQs1mCQ7jwwiITu_6xD9LIgHT8bgQkrvg4omudQWCcuGsBjQx&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#知識饗宴胡適院長科普講座</a></span><span style="color: #050505; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15px; white-space-collapse: preserve;">,邀請「胡適紀念研究講座」得獎人—本院史語所陳熙遠研究員,為我們解析《要緊補遺檔》隱藏的歷史真相。</span></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">《要緊補遺檔》究竟「要緊」在何處?進行了哪方面的「補遺」?讓我們聽研究員說故事,在史料中抽絲剝繭<span class="x3nfvp2 x1j61x8r x1fcty0u xdj266r xhhsvwb xat24cr xgzva0m xxymvpz xlup9mm x1kky2od" style="display: inline-flex; font-family: inherit; height: 16px; margin: 0px 1px; vertical-align: middle; width: 16px;"><img alt="🔎" class="xz74otr" height="16" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/images/emoji.php/v9/t9b/1.5/16/1f50e.png" style="border: 0px; object-fit: fill;" width="16" /></span>,探索重重謎團!</div></div></div></div></div></div></div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-39885356629268289092023-12-16T14:33:00.000-08:002023-12-16T19:32:56.524-08:002023.12.17 17度 早上6點半 網頁【趙元任爲中央硏究院同人作的白話祝壽詩】1958年胡適68歲大壽 與北大60周年校慶合併舉行聚餐會<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 12px;"><div class="x1iyjqo2" style="flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; 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border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: inherit;">胡適紀念館 Hu Shih Memorial Hall</span></a></span></h4></span></div><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"></div></div></div><div class="xqcrz7y x78zum5 x1qx5ct2 x1y1aw1k x1sxyh0 xwib8y2 xurb0ha xw4jnvo" style="align-self: flex-start; display: flex; font-family: inherit; height: 20px; padding: 8px; width: 20px;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-label="可對此貼文採取的動作" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx x2lwn1j xeuugli x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz xjyslct xjbqb8w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x3nfvp2 xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x3ajldb x194ut8o x1vzenxt xd7ygy7 xt298gk x1xhcax0 x1s928wv x10pfhc2 x1j6awrg x1v53gu8 x1tfg27r xitxdhh" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; 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outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; width: 36px;" tabindex="0"><i class="x1b0d499 x1d69dk1" data-visualcompletion="css-img" style="background-image: url("https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yZ/r/g1hJVQuAEAK.png"); background-position: 0px -420px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 26px 892px; display: inline-block; filter: var(--filter-secondary-icon); height: 20px; vertical-align: -0.25em; width: 20px;"></i><div class="x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h x14yjl9h xudhj91 x18nykt9 xww2gxu" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: 50%; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div></div></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1iorvi4 x1pi30zi x1l90r2v x1swvt13" data-ad-comet-preview="message" data-ad-preview="message" id=":r658:" style="font-family: inherit; padding: 4px 16px 16px;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u x1yc453h" color="var(--primary-text)" dir="auto" style="display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><div class="xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">【趙元任爲中央硏究院同人作的白話祝壽詩】</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 1930年12月17日是胡適40歲生日,在北平的好友們齊聚胡適米糧庫胡同的家,為胡適慶祝生日。摯友趙元任做了白話祝壽詩,以俏皮的口吻祝福胡適與夫人江冬秀四十雙壽。原詩由趙元任起草,毛子水寫成壽屛八幅,掛在胡宅壽堂裏。</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">適之說不要過生日</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a style="color: #385898; cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit;" tabindex="-1"></a></span> 生日偏偏到了</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">我們一班愛起鬨的</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 又來跟你鬧了</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">今年你有四十歲了都</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 我們有點要叫你老前輩了都</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">天天兒聽見你提倡這樣提倡那樣</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 覺得你眞是有點兒對了都</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">你是提倡物質文明的咯</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 所以我們就來吃你的麵</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">你是提倡整理國故的咯</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 所以我們就都進了研究院</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">你是提倡白話文學的咯</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 所以我們就囉囉嗦嗦的寫上了一大片</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">我們且別說帶笑帶吵的話</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 我們也別說胡鬧胡搞的話</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">我們並不會說很妙很巧的話</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 我們更不會說「倚少賣老」(原注1)的話</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">但說些祝頌你們健康美好的話</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"> 這就是送你們一家子大大小小的話</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">適之老大哥嫂夫人四十雙壽</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">拜壽的是誰喲?</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">一個叫*劉復 一個叫*丁山</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">一個叫*李濟 一個叫*裘善元</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">一個叫*容庚 一個叫*商承祚</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">一個叫*趙元任 一個叫*陳寅恪</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">一個叫*徐中舒 一個叫*傅斯年</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">一個叫*趙萬里 一個叫*羅莘田</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">一個叫*顧頡剛 一個叫*唐擘黃</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">一個叫毛子水 一個叫李方桂</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">有星兒的夫婦同賀</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">沒有星兒的「非常慚愧」(原注2)</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">原注1:「倚少賣老」是有人形容胡先生的話。</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">原注2:寫字的時候問毛子水有沒有太太?他說「非常慚愧」。</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#胡適</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%BD?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#四十大壽</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%B6%99%E5%85%83%E4%BB%BB?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#趙元任</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E7%88%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A1%8F%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2%E5%90%8C%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%9C%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E7%A5%9D%E5%A3%BD%E8%A9%A9?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#爲中央硏究院同人作的白話祝壽詩</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F132%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#胡適誕生132週年</a></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">檔案描述:祝胡適四十歲生日的白話詩一首</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">館藏編號:HS-US01-055-002</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">如果我是胡適:關於自由和民主的思考題活動主題網站</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg" href="https://www.hushihevent.com/?fbclid=IwAR20ltMFg0Mj_p097tAs_xerS0csLic3OLqBaEPNGEMC3164J3kRQgfp0k0" rel="nofollow noreferrer" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://www.hushihevent.com/</a></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9%E8%AA%95%E8%BE%B0130%E9%80%B1%E5%B9%B4%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%95%E9%9A%86%E9%87%8D%E9%96%8B%E5%B1%95?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#胡適誕辰130週年特展隆重開展</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E6%88%91%E6%98%AF%E8%83%A1%E9%81%A9?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#如果我是胡適</a></span> <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E9%97%9C%E6%96%BC%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%92%8C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83%E9%A1%8C?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#關於自由和民主的思考題</a></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="font-family: inherit; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%82%BA%E6%AF%8F%E9%80%B1%E4%BA%8C%E8%87%B3%E9%80%B1%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%880930%E8%87%B31200%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%881330%E8%87%B31630?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#開放時間為每週二至週六上午0930至1200下午1330至1630</a></span></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1qq9wsj xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/%E8%B6%95%E5%BF%AB%E6%8F%AA%E5%9C%98%E4%BE%86%E9%A0%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B0%8E%E8%A6%BD%E5%90%A7?__eep__=6&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=*NK-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0">#趕快揪團來預約導覽吧</a></span></div></div></span></div></div></div></div><div class="x1n2onr6" id=":r659:" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div class="x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><a class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz x1lliihq x1pdlv7q" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=671211025199615&set=a.282271610760227&__cft__[0]=AZXVwaPxkPELzp2aCW8MdqDL4YFQuRLstOa0ATZhVlmYzl8SHoDFhT1awalrc6PFVWj1Oq6_XDN7-sS7xFHJb8wuJsYhpuHwJXwZ_bUObSxq7rnJGWoZqt0TrksciiV7xvkTdq5mVViNOd2rvg-UUJZ_iDIOF-uUcLsQ8UOali9K6ZkCpZ9o55AQAgZs7PboI3o&__tn__=EH-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #385898; cursor: pointer; display: block; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x6s0dn4 x1jx94hy x78zum5 xdt5ytf x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6 xh8yej3" style="align-items: center; background-color: #f7e9cc; display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 500px;"><div style="font-family: inherit; max-width: 100%; min-width: 500px; width: calc(133.663vh - 434.406px);"><div class="xqtp20y x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; height: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-top: 374.062px; position: relative;"><div class="x10l6tqk x13vifvy" style="font-family: inherit; height: 374.062px; left: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 500px;"><img alt="可能是文字的圖像" class="x1ey2m1c xds687c x5yr21d x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy xh8yej3 xl1xv1r" height="808" referrerpolicy="origin-when-cross-origin" src="https://scontent.ftpe8-1.fna.fbcdn.net/v/t39.30808-6/410665912_669978148656236_1568327670211578623_n.jpg?stp=dst-jpg_s1080x2048&_nc_cat=109&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=3635dc&_nc_ohc=MBBbrN1by4AAX-tXjl9&_nc_ht=scontent.ftpe8-1.fna&oh=00_AfC9ckX80ZfPr5fTh9uC2xiiSLmJK-lk8EMBkPRGNAiL8g&oe=658324C2" style="border: 0px; height: 374.062px; inset: 0px; object-fit: cover; position: absolute; width: 500px;" width="1080" /></div></div></div></div><div class="xua58t2 xzg4506 x1ey2m1c xds687c x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy" style="border-bottom: 1px solid var(--media-inner-border); border-top: 1px solid var(--media-inner-border); font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; pointer-events: none; position: absolute;"></div><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></a></div><div class="x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"></div></div></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x168nmei x13lgxp2 x30kzoy x9jhf4c x6ikm8r x10wlt62" data-visualcompletion="ignore-dynamic" style="border-radius: 0px 0px 8px 8px; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1n2onr6" style="font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><div class="x6s0dn4 xi81zsa x78zum5 x6prxxf x13a6bvl xvq8zen xdj266r xktsk01 xat24cr x1d52u69 x889kno x4uap5 x1a8lsjc xkhd6sd xdppsyt" style="align-items: center; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--divider); color: var(--secondary-text); display: flex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; justify-content: flex-end; line-height: 1.3333; margin: 0px 16px; padding: 10px 0px;"><div class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1iyjqo2 x6ikm8r x10wlt62" style="align-items: center; display: flex; flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden;"><span aria-label="看看誰對這個傳達了心情" class="x1ja2u2z" role="toolbar" style="font-family: inherit; z-index: 0;"><span class="x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1e558r4" id=":r65b:" style="align-items: center; display: flex; font-family: inherit; padding-left: 4px;"><span class="x6zyg47 x1xm1mqw xpn8fn3 xtct9fg x13zp6kq x1mcfq15 xrosliz x1wb7cse x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi xamhcws xol2nv xlxy82 x19p7ews xmix8c7 x139jcc6 x1n2onr6 x1xp8n7a xhtitgo" style="border-bottom-color: var(--card-background); border-left-color: var(--card-background); border-radius: 11px; border-right-color: var(--card-background); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--card-background); border-width: 2px; font-family: inherit; height: 18px; margin-left: -4px; position: relative; width: 18px; z-index: 2;"><span class="x12myldv x1udsgas xrc8dwe xxxhv2y x1rg5ohu xmix8c7 x1xp8n7a" style="border-radius: 9px; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; height: 18px; width: 18px;"><span class="x4k7w5x x1h91t0o x1h9r5lt x1jfb8zj xv2umb2 x1beo9mf xaigb6o x12ejxvf x3igimt xarpa2k xedcshv x1lytzrv x1t2pt76 x7ja8zs x1qrby5j" style="align-items: inherit; align-self: inherit; display: inherit; flex-direction: inherit; flex: inherit; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; max-height: inherit; max-width: inherit; min-height: inherit; min-width: inherit; place-content: inherit; width: inherit;"><div aria-label="讚:56人" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x3nfvp2 x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><br /></div></span></span></span></span></span></div></div></div><div class="xq8finb x16n37ib" style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 12px; margin-right: 12px;"><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 x2lah0s x1qughib x1qjc9v5 xozqiw3 x1q0g3np x150jy0e x1e558r4 xjkvuk6 x1iorvi4 xwrv7xz x8182xy x4cne27 xifccgj" style="align-items: stretch; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; flex-flow: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; justify-content: space-between; margin: -6px -2px; padding: 4px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 xdt5ytf x193iq5w xeuugli x1r8uery x1iyjqo2 xs83m0k xg83lxy x1h0ha7o x10b6aqq x1yrsyyn" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1c1e21; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex: 1 1 0px; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 6px 2px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div aria-label="寄送這個給朋友或張貼在你的動態時報中。" class="x1i10hfl x1qjc9v5 xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 x2lah0s xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x3nfvp2 x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: stretch; background-color: transparent; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; flex-basis: auto; flex-direction: row; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; touch-action: manipulation; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1ey2m1c xds687c xg01cxk x47corl x10l6tqk x17qophe x13vifvy x1ebt8du x19991ni x1dhq9h" data-visualcompletion="ignore" role="none" style="border-radius: inherit; font-family: inherit; inset: 0px; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; position: absolute; transition-duration: var(--fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out); transition-property: opacity; transition-timing-function: var(--fds-animation-fade-out);"></div></div></div><div class="x9f619 x1n2onr6 x1ja2u2z x78zum5 xdt5ytf x2lah0s x193iq5w xeuugli xg83lxy x1h0ha7o x10b6aqq x1yrsyyn" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1c1e21; display: flex; flex-direction: column; flex-shrink: 0; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; padding: 6px 2px; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div style="font-family: inherit;"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> <br /><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1e21; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><div class="x1cy8zhl x78zum5 x1q0g3np xod5an3 x1pi30zi x1swvt13 xz9dl7a" style="align-items: flex-start; display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 12px; padding-left: 16px; padding-right: 16px; padding-top: 12px;"><div class="x1iyjqo2" style="flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x78zum5 xdt5ytf xz62fqu x16ldp7u" style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: -5px; margin-top: -5px;"><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x xudqn12 x3x7a5m x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--secondary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><h4 class="x1heor9g x1qlqyl8 x1pd3egz x1a2a7pz x1gslohp x1yc453h" id=":r6j4:" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 4px 0px 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><span class="xt0psk2" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv xzsf02u x1s688f" href="https://www.facebook.com/hanxun.cai?__cft__[0]=AZW3S3f-FS42J_czWWmqaGmAJRYAPb6x__5ajlqmtL-bt_7ZNDF0csdu_1Kze7rg1lCJ_iEblC9JzrhVHgS6ghp0nv5C4kOqpffyw9oHegZGLuoqobKAqdzP9sHAhGkfv5KSJ0iB8D-FPWYOMDDWhrQjC69F9uAqWSGIHAf1-7LzmoI4tagT8FbM52_XHPARfs4&__tn__=-UC%2CP-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-weight: 600; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: inherit;">蔡漢勳</span></a></span></h4></span></div><div class="xu06os2 x1ok221b" style="font-family: inherit; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-top: 5px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x1lliihq x1s928wv xhkezso x1gmr53x x1cpjm7i x1fgarty x1943h6x x4zkp8e x676frb x1nxh6w3 x1sibtaa xo1l8bm xi81zsa x1yc453h" dir="auto" style="color: var(--secondary-text); display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125rem; line-height: 1.2308; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><span id=":r6j5:" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="x4k7w5x x1h91t0o x1h9r5lt x1jfb8zj xv2umb2 x1beo9mf xaigb6o x12ejxvf x3igimt xarpa2k xedcshv x1lytzrv x1t2pt76 x7ja8zs x1qrby5j" style="align-items: inherit; align-self: inherit; display: inherit; flex-direction: inherit; flex: inherit; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; max-height: inherit; max-width: inherit; min-height: inherit; min-width: inherit; place-content: inherit; width: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz x1heor9g xt0b8zv xo1l8bm" href="https://www.facebook.com/hanxun.cai/posts/pfbid027wAWyEisBhmS9bqvnha77o8ckk29V8a2WvjqLetXHGm7iFXUKiDnYcv9wtTE2nshl?__cft__[0]=AZW3S3f-FS42J_czWWmqaGmAJRYAPb6x__5ajlqmtL-bt_7ZNDF0csdu_1Kze7rg1lCJ_iEblC9JzrhVHgS6ghp0nv5C4kOqpffyw9oHegZGLuoqobKAqdzP9sHAhGkfv5KSJ0iB8D-FPWYOMDDWhrQjC69F9uAqWSGIHAf1-7LzmoI4tagT8FbM52_XHPARfs4&__tn__=%2CO%2CP-R" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0"><span style="font-family: inherit;">20分鐘</span></a></span></span><span class="xh99ass" style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span class="xzpqnlu xjm9jq1 x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x10l6tqk x1i1rx1s" style="clip: rect(0px, 0px, 0px, 0px); font-family: inherit; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"> </span><span aria-hidden="true" style="font-family: inherit;"> · </span></span></span><span class="xuxw1ft" style="font-family: inherit; text-wrap: nowrap;"><span class="x4k7w5x x1h91t0o x1h9r5lt x1jfb8zj xv2umb2 x1beo9mf xaigb6o x12ejxvf x3igimt xarpa2k xedcshv x1lytzrv x1t2pt76 x7ja8zs x1qrby5j" style="align-items: inherit; align-self: inherit; display: inherit; flex-direction: inherit; flex: inherit; font-family: inherit; height: inherit; max-height: inherit; 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padding-bottom: 1px; position: relative;"><span dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">照片看歷史/1958年胡適68歲大壽 與北大60周年校慶合併舉行聚餐會 | 聯合報</span></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5oSa4itomE">New: Happy Birthday Beethoven!</a></span><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td bgcolor="#0096fa" class="m_-6045027578486494110header-bg" style="background-color: #0096fa; background-image: url("https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZHCydokZZWCSOOW6iyKLF70TaiMsDCk35E3mj8AQHZiRQgbt-oiUucY6ArYmpBW9PbzYjedhxFvXOpWdlb0e_Oefv_AJSEQ1PTvriV9KJrMV7QAJoBy2mah2VuV_PrPkSgRQ=s0-d-e1-ft#https://media.promio-connect.com/16401/pics/template-assets/img/header-bg.png"); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; border-collapse: collapse; height: 126px; margin: 0px;" valign="top"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110header-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 25px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110header-title" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 30px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-top: 36px;">中文國際新聞<span style="color: white;"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110header-subtitle" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0.22px; line-height: 19px; margin: 0px;">16.12.2023 | 11:00 UTC</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td height="20" style="border-collapse: collapse; height: 20px; margin: 0px;"></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232000&lc=9b1aad0b9a8c323c83b86b00330c17a7f82c527c&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738686&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=2" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NakhD7jHhJhALd2Fm6kSA9EVlt3jLDQEn2h5n7_DK8U2FC7w6n9LbGUw6b2720sEaMuKN9ST8W13tC6_VQDxXo2U2hzT3nTNPkzU_n82F7_DuI-kHytAexfGJL07GOdSUIVQ70QRGTisBUHkA8pQvOx0KfnnqQ=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/67680507_304.jpg&scaleX=1100px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 550px;" width="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-large" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 22px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 29px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-top: 15px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-large-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232000&lc=9b1aad0b9a8c323c83b86b00330c17a7f82c527c&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738686&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=2" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">解碼中國:南中國海攻勢</a></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232000&lc=9b1aad0b9a8c323c83b86b00330c17a7f82c527c&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738686&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=2" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">作為崛起中的大國,中國不時在國際舞台上作出咄咄逼人的姿態。專家認為,北京的做法將對自身目標造成損害,適得其反。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; 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color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232001&lc=cc07731f88b27556642df198cee533c883bcaec8&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67737466&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=3" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">德語媒體:高產作家習近平</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232001&lc=cc07731f88b27556642df198cee533c883bcaec8&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67737466&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=3" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">中國黨和國家領導人習近平在治國理政的同時,還是一位著述極多的高產作家。據新華社報道,習的著作"暢銷全球160多個國家",而他的思想也早已被寫入中共黨章和中國憲法。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" valign="middle" width="150"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=231817&lc=9ac7d34f1f8a80085a48c2bbd1b890449b7fd446&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67723172&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=4" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NbLtr0gSy0ofYAVZ_47ZZvlsMS5vmolADMDpgwjuc-dOQxlZdHEEA3JBWlxbHwUXyik4iNYxQiQQ9-K2rbYBx3xJ3sffUy3HygVU6C4GfnqMIwlzjZYbmDRii99E8Pd_ricni9eEZE1KuS__YcL66LRiA8Smw=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/67700330_304.jpg&scaleX=300px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 150px;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" width="15"></td><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=231817&lc=9ac7d34f1f8a80085a48c2bbd1b890449b7fd446&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67723172&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=4" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">客座評論:習近平打破越南平衡的努力</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; 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margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232002&lc=0122387134d6ca5958e91f852b1ff4531f072041&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67742872&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=6" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">美國國務院批准對台灣出售3億美元設備軍售,以協助維護台灣的戰術資訊系統。這是拜登任內第12度對台軍售。同時,美國駐華大使伯恩斯警告中國勿干涉台灣總統大選。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" valign="middle" width="150"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232003&lc=1d2c6ce0b75dc00e0e1ad51a46b7a2a99791b777&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67723704&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=7" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NYgcpNW7lz_rsbjFCuiTS84_MiWiUas6QAby91p3PHv7mLZ2E21zcrRJ9ge_njIkiKHOHpQwbqjYNgtJVNQV2zQ-jx8mw5VH9GW29wZBl1k7R6wJPSgbCSOgFdgkwZrsh_8S297JOVkdFDZth_k5g13pPgj8Qc=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/63398160_304.jpeg&scaleX=300px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 150px;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" width="15"></td><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232003&lc=1d2c6ce0b75dc00e0e1ad51a46b7a2a99791b777&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67723704&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=7" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">同中國脫鉤將重創德國經濟,但可控?</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232003&lc=1d2c6ce0b75dc00e0e1ad51a46b7a2a99791b777&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67723704&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=7" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">位於基爾的世界經濟研究所發布一項研究顯示,同中國突然脫鉤,將為德國經濟帶來沉重打擊。但打擊程度並不會超越以往的嚴重危機。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" valign="middle" width="150"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232004&lc=60c9ad792e20edf597f363fbb941e0d1107fdef0&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67739143&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=8" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZ6yUi7gZNJBoVZnu7ls-Lx07X624FecMJnvDZCQ--8PCG2ODWnGT8czHyQ5ZKcLOKvnU6AXYpddQuOsyFnOY9RKVFu0wiM8HGJP6fLwUuXN-6nMSfkCIb3HwfZ2g3VwnP-V7esnv9ZkWDaxQ_Vlg8BI5-l2w=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/61381764_304.jpg&scaleX=300px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 150px;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" width="15"></td><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232004&lc=60c9ad792e20edf597f363fbb941e0d1107fdef0&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67739143&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=8" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">國安部發文嚴斥唱衰經濟微博警告財經博主</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232004&lc=60c9ad792e20edf597f363fbb941e0d1107fdef0&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67739143&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=8" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">本週五,中國國安部微信公號發文,稱經濟安全是國家安全的重要組成部分,唱衰中國經濟是對中國特色社會主義制度及道路進行攻擊、否定。數名中國社群媒體上的財經部落客表示,已被微博警告不要發布任何唱衰經濟的言論。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" valign="middle" width="150"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232005&lc=d4c0167ba8ee884c378a354c998705ad04fe7547&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738105&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=9" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NbSz_WSwePMjEEvnWBKoBHdAMmiwY1Hn3PbKM-NJfAMcCi6jOS2ON23BKkma-OPg5DiE95q18GBRcPrQMpheudtA2EtPsLSwRbMU0LVDjmD4UWfG2SCMveOpKhp34Gq9ZVwZlY2q3Bq0sBQCPx-BYz8l6E7HQ=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/36713589_304.jpg&scaleX=300px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 150px;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" width="15"></td><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232005&lc=d4c0167ba8ee884c378a354c998705ad04fe7547&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738105&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=9" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">媒體:中國國安是如何收買右翼政客以圖影響歐洲政壇的?</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232005&lc=d4c0167ba8ee884c378a354c998705ad04fe7547&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738105&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=9" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">多家歐洲媒體調查爆料:一名比利時前議員被收買充當中國情報部門的線人,並幫助後者試圖滲透政界,影響歐洲輿論。極右派的德國選項黨也是中國拉攏的對象之一。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" valign="middle" width="150"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232006&lc=c505f12d133c34aa26e6555a88edf797a606a412&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67742863&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=10" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NafdF952Le02_OlsKhu07JtkgfsFQOVTZ0SvBGteV_SMFrR04cyJUL3w5bSV0oBbiSizoR2tmuAZyQN7ktfynC72AUsxip3sfgcG8sz22I9eYdol0phh6ubfEK8nepeSC6g8dvHqtltdlc5SsnOdi9IYF04gQ=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/67740003_304.jpg&scaleX=300px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 150px;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" width="15"></td><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232006&lc=c505f12d133c34aa26e6555a88edf797a606a412&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67742863&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=10" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">德國外交部長譴責貨輪紅海遭襲擊事件</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232006&lc=c505f12d133c34aa26e6555a88edf797a606a412&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67742863&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=10" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">德國外交部長貝爾博克譴責也門胡塞武裝對德國赫伯羅特船運公司貨輪的攻擊事件,稱這是對以色列和國際航運的嚴重威脅。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" valign="middle" width="150"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232007&lc=9a2fec9550670393086f1d2de5ecc972898dbc5f&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67737300&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=11" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZ071tyyS0LnWesYS6cnOx9ZnGxnLHMto1IJHzxjUl1QZKQso8MSuxve7YXxyU3YmQcFNUk9E6QyrBMHcYRGDFCmlh5j4t4QNWuCcxnH6HMk-5lkc39KLYkYxJdTzcU2JmKp_TRn7UTMyY6v6A6zs2H26iaDg=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/67736687_304.jpg&scaleX=300px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 150px;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" width="15"></td><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232007&lc=9a2fec9550670393086f1d2de5ecc972898dbc5f&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67737300&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=11" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">北京地鐵發生重大事故百餘人骨折</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232007&lc=9a2fec9550670393086f1d2de5ecc972898dbc5f&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67737300&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=11" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">12月14日晚間,北京地鐵發生重大公共交通事故。官方稱,共有515人送醫院檢查,其中骨折102人,無人員死亡。對於事故原因,官方消息先稱一列車車廂脫離,後又稱是兩輛列車發生追撞事故。對於官方的說法,有網友在微博上留言表示質疑。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" valign="middle" width="150"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232008&lc=43fb10c07ac5c4083ded3d09636b6c085876e796&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67736144&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=12" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NaudLXZ1ASAFgz_DkDQn_bJooN9EmrwoYOiAfct_A3fjB7l5HUl-qJXeJLKQPmOPHbzqzfPukIIqwslmTov8OTzXfTgnNkbv2f4VzcVPM15N2n9SZOwnDjaksSv4swXhgi2ErI9gVs5WP0mKzYWfmwuPlg53gQ=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/63550377_304.jpeg&scaleX=300px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 150px;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" width="15"></td><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232008&lc=43fb10c07ac5c4083ded3d09636b6c085876e796&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67736144&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=12" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">不會大打財政牌?消息人士: 中國明年預算赤字設為3%</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232008&lc=43fb10c07ac5c4083ded3d09636b6c085876e796&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67736144&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=12" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">有三名知情人士對路透社透露,中國領導人在本週的年度經濟會議上同意,2024年將預算赤字控制在GDP的3%。路透社指出,數字低於預期。這顯示出北京明年可能不會考慮大規模的財政手段,但可能透過發行特別國債加大刺激力度。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110layout-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 25px 30px;"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-2-col-padding" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 12px;"><table align="left" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" valign="middle" width="150"><a href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232009&lc=1ef0e47fdf723bfe37652b2cf4bfc9b273153a6a&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738829&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=13" style="color: #0096fa;" target="_blank"><img align="left" alt="Artikelbild" border="0" class="m_-6045027578486494110image-flex CToWUd" data-bit="iit" src="https://ci3.googleusercontent.com/meips/ADKq_NZeY213oD_dpTRdL8gAAllMWF2FGxp-oa6VAQ2dAMhZmFwMEpk--0qo9XRBE5fl_350RwqSRNB0dyB4z_XcoxsOQm8KacJEE0_s7vnSx2HLHtkrrXCMx8k3J_zYzGpi3BVkZuCdwAV1VL9dZGOxUBW4J2SbkA=s0-d-e1-ft#http://img.media.promio-mail.com/?src=https://static.dw.com/image/67621249_304.jpg&scaleX=300px" style="border: 0px none; display: block; height: auto; line-height: 13px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none; width: 150px;" width="150" /></a></td><td style="border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0px;" width="15"></td><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #002d5a; font-family: DWTheAntiquaB, Georgia, serif; font-size: 18px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 23px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px;" valign="top"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-headline-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232009&lc=1ef0e47fdf723bfe37652b2cf4bfc9b273153a6a&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738829&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=13" style="color: #002d5a; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">聯邦議院核准2023年度補充預算</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text" style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #4b545c; font-family: "Noto Sans", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px;"><a class="m_-6045027578486494110article-text-link" href="https://newsletter-tracking.dw.com/red.php?lid=2766796&r=272557676723596&ln=232009&lc=1ef0e47fdf723bfe37652b2cf4bfc9b273153a6a&pmuniquegroup=zh_chinesische_internationale_nachrichten&pmitem=67738829&pmsource=1159&pmviewport=13" style="color: #4b545c; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">12月15日,德國聯邦議院批准了執政聯盟提出的暫停"債務煞車"提案,並以此為前提,通過了2023年補充預算。這已經是德國連續第四次暫時叫停憲法所規定的"債務煞車"機制。</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6652122076074925418.post-38611671112093435962023-12-07T19:10:00.000-08:002023-12-07T19:10:49.506-08:00胡適,台灣物理學界,...... 他當然不懂"Particle Physicists Offer a Road Map for the Next Decade",但是他知道.....<p> </p><a aria-hidden="false" class="css-9mylee" data-uri="nyt://article/6aa7f59b-fbf9-5000-92df-7a859bceadf3" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/07/science/particle-physics-muon-collider.html" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: black; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-alternates: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; font-variant-position: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-1lvvmm" style="border: 0px; column-gap: calc(2rem + 1px); display: grid; font: inherit; grid-template-columns: repeat(14, 1fr); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-f52tr7 e17qa79g0" span="5" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; grid-column: span 5; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><section class="css-147kb3k story-wrapper" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-xdandi" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><h3 class="indicate-hover css-66vf3i" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-tertiary,#5A5A5A); font-family: nyt-cheltenham, georgia, "times new roman", times, serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.125rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.01em; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">Particle Physicists Offer a Road Map for the Next Decade</h3></div><p class="summary-class css-yg12w5" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-tertiary,#5A5A5A); font-family: nyt-imperial; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.875rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.1px; line-height: 1.1875rem; margin: 0.25rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;">A “muon shot” aims to study the basic forces of the cosmos. But meager federal budgets could limit its ambitions.</p><p class="css-og0y9l" data-ttr="1" style="border: 0px; color: var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272); font-family: nyt-franklin, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-feature-settings: inherit; font-kerning: inherit; font-optical-sizing: inherit; font-size: 0.625rem; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-variation-settings: inherit; font-weight: inherit; letter-spacing: 0.1em; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.25rem 0px 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; text-transform: uppercase; vertical-align: baseline;">6 MIN READ</p></div></section></div><div class="css-1e7omub e17qa79g0" span="9" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; grid-column: span 9; margin: 0px; min-width: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><figure class="container-margin css-hurk9l" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="css-1xnvcaz" style="animation: 300ms ease-in 0s 1 normal forwards running animation-e89dhw; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font: inherit; height: 0px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 0px 292.237px; position: relative; text-size-adjust: 100%; vertical-align: baseline; width: 438.362px;"><picture class="css-hdqqnp" style="height: 292.237px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 438.362px;"><source class="css-hdqqnp" media="screen and (min-width: 601px)" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/07/science/07sci-p5-report-01/07sci-p5-report-01-threeByTwoSmallAt2X.jpg?format=pjpg&quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale 1x, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/07/science/07sci-p5-report-01/07sci-p5-report-01-threeByTwoMediumAt2X.jpg?format=pjpg&quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale 2x" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom; width: 100%;"></source><img alt="A rail track in a tunnel lit overhead curves around a bend by an enormous boring machine with a worker in a hard hat standing before it." class="css-yf0ys" loading="lazy" pinger-seen="true" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/12/07/science/07sci-p5-report-01/07sci-p5-report-01-threeByTwoMediumAt2X.jpg?format=pjpg&quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale" style="border: none; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; opacity: inherit; padding: 0px; text-size-adjust: 100%; transition: opacity 300ms ease-in-out 0s; vertical-align: bottom; width: 438.362px;" /></picture></div></figure></div></div></a>人事物http://www.blogger.com/profile/01289373669504487523noreply@blogger.com0